{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:34:14Z","timestamp":1776954854317,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007465","name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/ P006302\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/ P006302\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On Arctic shelves, benthic food-webs are tightly linked to overlying primary production. In the seasonal ice zone, sympagic (ice-associated) primary production can be a major source of carbon for the benthos on productive inflow shelves. However, the role of sympagic organic matter is less well-understood in food webs of heavily ice-covered, less- productive outflow shelves, such as the northeast Greenland shelf. Highly branched isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) were used to track the relative distribution of sympagic and pelagic organic matter in the water column, sediments, and benthic fauna of the northeast Greenland shelf and fjords. Low pelagic HBI presence throughout the study area indicated a generally low production by pelagic diatoms (at the time of sampling). This was reflected in the benthos, as ~90% of their assimilated carbon was estimated to come from sympagic sources, indicating a benthic food-web highly reliant on sympagic production. This reliance was higher in coastal areas than on the open shelf, where the potentially higher pelagic productivity and shallower water on banks likely increased contributions of pelagic organic matter. As declining ice cover and reduced production of fast-sinking ice algae projected for Arctic shelves will likely result in weaker coupling between ice algae and the benthos, with possible consequences for future benthic-community structure and function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T17:33:08Z","timestamp":1723051988000},"page":"e0308562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["High uptake of sympagic organic matter by benthos on an Arctic outflow shelf"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6552-453X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivan J.","family":"Cautain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim S.","family":"Last","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bodil A.","family":"Bluhm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhavani E.","family":"Narayanaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308562.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034015","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abdb5f","article-title":"Accelerated decline of summer Arctic sea ice during 1850\u20132017 and the amplified Arctic warming during the recent decades.","volume":"16","author":"Q Cai","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters. 2021"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.07.012","article-title":"Arctic spring awakening\u2013Steering principles behind the phenology of vernal ice algal blooms","volume":"139","author":"E. Leu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps225001","article-title":"Climatic and biological forcing of the vertical flux of biogenic particles under seasonal Arctic sea ice","volume":"225","author":"M. Fortier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10587","article-title":"Role of environmental factors on phytoplankton bloom initiation under landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Canada","volume":"497","author":"C. J. Mundy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0308562.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13874","article-title":"Shifts in growth light optima among diatom species support their succession during the spring bloom in the Arctic","volume":"110","author":"D. Croteau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Ecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308562.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2343-0","article-title":"Seasonal succession, distribution, and diversity of planktonic protists in relation to hydrography of the Godth\u00e5bsfjord system (SW Greenland).","volume":"41","author":"D. W. Krawczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0308562.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1515\/BOT.2009.074","article-title":"Benthic microalgal production in the Arctic: Applied methods and status of the current database","volume":"52","author":"R. N. Glud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Botanica Marina"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2015.00031","article-title":"Macroalgal detritus and food-web subsidies along an Arctic fjord depth-gradient","volume":"2","author":"P. E. Renaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542563","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.542563","article-title":"Terrestrial inputs drive seasonality in organic matter and nutrient biogeochemistry in a High Arctic fjord system (Isfjorden, Svalbard).","volume":"7","author":"M. McGovern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0308562.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(97)00054-4","article-title":"New measurements of phytoplankton and ice algal production in the Arctic Ocean.","volume":"44","author":"M. Gosselin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308562.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/gbc.20055","article-title":"Future Arctic ocean primary productivity from CMIP5 simulations: Uncertain outcome, but consistent mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"M. Vancoppenolle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0905-y","article-title":"Phytoplankton dynamics in a changing Arctic Ocean","volume":"10","author":"M. Ardyna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Climate Change"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0308562.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2006.07.006","article-title":"Seasonal variation in benthic community oxygen demand: A response to an ice algal bloom in the Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic?","volume":"67","author":"P. E. Renaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Systems"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07978","article-title":"High carbon demand of dominant macrozoobenthic species indicates their central role in ecosystem carbon flow in a sub-arctic fjord","volume":"383","author":"M. E. Blicher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.05.006","article-title":"Ecosystem characteristics and processes facilitating persistent macrobenthic biomass hotspots and associated benthivory in the Pacific Arctic","volume":"136","author":"J.M. Grebmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"issue":"20\u201321","key":"pone.0308562.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2008.05.019","article-title":"Pelagic and sympagic contribution of organic matter to zooplankton and vertical export in the Barents Sea marginal ice zone","volume":"55","author":"T. Tamelander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography."},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13476","article-title":"Ice algae resource utilization by benthic macro- and megafaunal communities on the Pacific Arctic shelf determined through lipid biomarker analysis","volume":"651","author":"C. Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009303","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1009303","article-title":"Uptake of sympagic organic carbon by the Barents Sea benthos linked to sea ice seasonality","volume":"9","author":"I. J. Cautain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0308562.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1998.tb00266.x","article-title":"Primary production of the northern Barents Sea.","volume":"17","author":"E. N. Hegseth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polar Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref020","article-title":"Sea-ice associated carbon flux in Arctic spring.","volume":"9","author":"J. Ehrlich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elementa"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2020.102497","article-title":"Benthic Hotspots on the Northern Bering and Chukchi Continental Shelf: Spatial variability in production regimes and environmental drivers","volume":"191","author":"Z. Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"issue":"1616","key":"pone.0308562.ref022","first-page":"85","article-title":"Deep-sea deposit-feeding strategies suggested by environmental and feeding constraints","volume":"331","author":"P. A. Jumars","year":"1990","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308562.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02175.x","article-title":"Timing of blooms, algal food quality and Calanus glacialis reproduction and growth in a changing Arctic","volume":"16","author":"J. E. S\u00f8reide","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps310001","article-title":"Benthic community response to ice algae and phytoplankton in Ny \u00c5lesund, Svalbard","volume":"310","author":"K. W. McMahon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08647","article-title":"Increased irradiance reduces food quality of sea ice algae","volume":"411","author":"E. Leu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1053-7","article-title":"Tracing carbon flow in an arctic marine food web using fatty acid-stable isotope analysis","volume":"157","author":"S. M. Budge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0308562.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10351","article-title":"The importance of ice algae-produced carbon in the central Arctic Ocean ecosystem: Food web relationships revealed by lipid and stable isotope analyses","volume":"61","author":"D. Kohlbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2022.102895","article-title":"A multi-trophic marker approach reveals high feeding plasticity in Barents Sea under-ice fauna","volume":"208","author":"D. Kohlbach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308562.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-014-0459-1","article-title":"H-Print: A new chemical fingerprinting approach for distinguishing primary production sources in Arctic ecosystems","volume":"12","author":"T. A. Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2018.10.002","article-title":"Source-specific biomarkers as proxies for Arctic and Antarctic sea ice","volume":"125","author":"S. T. Belt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Organic Geochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2016.12.007","article-title":"Biomarker-based H-Print quantifies the composition of mixed sympagic and pelagic algae consumed by Artemia sp","volume":"488","author":"T. A. Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref032","article-title":"Reliance of deep-sea benthic macrofauna on ice-derived organic matter highlighted by multiple trophic markers during spring in Baffin Bay, Canadian Arctic","volume":"8","author":"G. Yunda-Guarin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2012.11.006","article-title":"Synthesis of primary production in the Arctic Ocean: III. Nitrate and phosphate based estimates of net community production","volume":"110","author":"L. A. Codispoti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref034","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vertical redistribution of principle water masses on the Northeast Greenland Shelf","volume":"13","author":"C. V. B. Gjelstrup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref035","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel biodiversity baselines outpace models of fish distribution in arctic waters","volume":"103","author":"J. S. Christiansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science of Nature"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.08.007","article-title":"Arctic Ocean outflow shelves in the changing Arctic: A review and perspectives","volume":"139","author":"C. Michel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"pone.0308562.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2006.10.003","article-title":"Food webs and carbon flux in the Barents Sea","volume":"71","author":"P. Wassmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0308562.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000000154","article-title":"Macrozoobenthic community structure in a high-arctic East Greenland fjord","volume":"23","author":"M. K. Sejr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308562.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-020-02733-z","article-title":"Epibenthic megafauna communities in Northeast Greenland vary across coastal, continental shelf and slope habitats","volume":"43","author":"R. Fredriksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"issue":"C3","key":"pone.0308562.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4411","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC01982","article-title":"Benthic response to water column productivity patterns: Evidence for benthic-pelagic coupling in the Northeast Water Polynya","volume":"100","author":"W. G. Ambrose","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref041","article-title":"Weakened pelagic-benthic coupling on an Arctic outflow shelf (Northeast Greenland) suggested by benthic ecosystem changes.","volume":"12","author":"Y. V. Bodur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(96)00050-4","article-title":"Benthic community patterns reflect water column processes in the Northeast Water Polynya (Greenland).","volume":"10","author":"D. Piepenburg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308562.ref043","first-page":"7175","article-title":"Variability in categories of Arctic sea ice in Fram Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research","volume":"119","author":"E. Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oceans"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00412","article-title":"Influence of glacial meltwater on summer biogeochemical cycles in Scoresby Sund, East Greenland.","volume":"6","author":"M. Seifert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08320","article-title":"Pivotal role of sea ice sediments in the seasonal development of near-shore Arctic fast ice biota","volume":"394","author":"R. R. Gradinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13170","article-title":"First analysis of an Arctic sea ice meiofauna food web analysis based on abundance, biomass and stable isotope ratios","volume":"634","author":"R. Gradinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref047","article-title":"H-Print and Sympagic carbon estimates in pelagic particulate organic matter (POM), sediments and benthos in the fjords and on the shelf of Northeast Greenland in August to September 2022 (Version 1) [Data set].","author":"I. Cautain","year":"2023","journal-title":"NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC."},{"issue":"C2","key":"pone.0308562.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C02S03","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003384","article-title":"Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89-GHz channels","volume":"113","author":"G. Spreen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Geophysical Research"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref049","author":"Natural Earth","journal-title":"Free vector and raster map data at 1:10m, 1:50m, and 1:110m scales."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308562.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10520","article-title":"Coupled changes between the H-Print biomarker and \u03b415N indicates a variable sea ice carbon contribution to the diet of Cumberland Sound beluga whales","volume":"62","author":"T. A. Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308562.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0231178","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231178","article-title":"Seasonal and latitudinal variations in sea ice algae deposition in the Northern Bering and Chukchi seas determined by algal biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"C. W. Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0308562.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ay05728j","article-title":"A reproducible method for the extraction, identification and quantification of the Arctic sea ice proxy IP25 from marine sediments.","volume":"4","author":"S. T. Belt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-149-2016","article-title":"Sea ice cover in Isfjorden and Hornsund, Svalbard (2000\u20132014) from remote sensing data","volume":"10","author":"S. Muckenhuber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref054","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024","journal-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11668","article-title":"Quantitative estimates of sinking sea ice particulate organic carbon based on the biomarker IP25","volume":"546","author":"T. A. Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal evolution of IP25 and other highly branched isoprenoid lipids in sea ice and the underlying water column during an Arctic melting season","volume":"7","author":"R. Amiraux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene."},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2016.02.011","article-title":"Distributions of highly branched isoprenoid alkenes and other algal lipids in surface waters from East Antarctica: Further insights for biomarker-based paleo sea-ice reconstruction","volume":"95","author":"L. Smik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organic Geochemistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0308562.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-005-0002-8","article-title":"The sub-ice algal community in the Chukchi sea: Large- and small-scale patterns of abundance based on images from a remotely operated vehicle","volume":"28","author":"W. G. Ambrose","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00226","article-title":"Spring succession and vertical export of diatoms and IP25 in a seasonally ice-covered high Arctic fjord","volume":"6","author":"A. Limoges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Earth Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0308562.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(00)00464-6","article-title":"Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs): identification of the most common and abundant sedimentary isomers","volume":"64","author":"S. T. Belt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2017.05.007","article-title":"Identification of C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes in diatoms of the genus Rhizosolenia in polar and sub-polar marine phytoplankton","volume":"110","author":"S. T. Belt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Organic Geochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11439","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of planktonic protists in the East Greenland fjord and offshore waters","volume":"538","author":"D. W. Krawczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref063","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps11439Holmgren, A. Coping with change: The role of environmental parameters for Calanus lipid storage in Northeast Greenland fjords. M.Sc. Thesis, UiT The Arctic University of Norway. 2023, Available from: https:\/\/munin.uit.no\/handle\/10037\/31076"},{"issue":"March","key":"pone.0308562.ref064","first-page":"101873","article-title":"An annual cycle of diatom succession in two contrasting Greenlandic fjords: from simple sea-ice indicators to varied seasonal strategists.","volume":"158","author":"T. Luostarinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marine Micropaleontology"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref065","first-page":"110","volume-title":"Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: Case study Young Sound","author":"S. Rysgaard","year":"2007"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0308562.ref066","first-page":"483","article-title":"The North East Water polynya (Greenland Sea).","volume":"14","author":"R. J. Lara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1144\/SP344.4","article-title":"Arctic fjords: a review of the oceanographic environment and dominant physical processes","volume":"344","author":"F. R. Cottier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geological Society, London, Special Publications."},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0308562.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070718","article-title":"Iceberg meltwater fluxes dominate the freshwater budget in Greenland\u2019s iceberg-congested glacial fjords","volume":"43","author":"E. M. Enderlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-016-0894-2","article-title":"Sea ice and primary production proxies in surface sediments from a High Arctic Greenland fjord: Spatial distribution and implications for palaeoenvironmental studies","volume":"46","author":"S. Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.08.026","article-title":"Glacial meltwater influences on plankton community structure and the importance of top-down control (of primary production) in a NE Greenland fjord.","volume":"183","author":"K. E. Arendt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0308562.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13801","article-title":"Marine-terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords","volume":"23","author":"L. Meire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0308562.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-012-1164-9","article-title":"Evidence for a pan-Arctic sea-ice diatom diet in Strongylocentrotus spp.","volume":"35","author":"T. A. Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3354\/meps223015","article-title":"Biomass, production and horizontal patchiness of sea ice algae in a High-Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland).","volume":"223","author":"S. Rysgaard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3354\/meps179013","article-title":"Seasonal variation in nutrients, pelagic primary production and grazing in a high-Arctic coastal marine ecosystem, Young Sound, Northeast Greenland","volume":"179","author":"S. Rysgaard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref075","first-page":"194","volume-title":"Carbon cycling in Arctic marine ecosystems: Case study Young Sound","author":"R. N. Glud","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6126","key":"pone.0308562.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231346","article-title":"Export of algal biomass from the melting Arctic sea ice","volume":"339","author":"A. Boetius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02776-w","article-title":"Sea ice presence is linked to higher carbon export and vertical microbial connectivity in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean","volume":"4","author":"E. Fadeev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2016.04.011","article-title":"Post-glacial variability of sea ice cover, river run-off and biological production in the western Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)\u2014a high-resolution biomarker study.","volume":"143","author":"T. H\u00f6rner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quaternary Science Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S259","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11688","article-title":"Food source diversity, trophic plasticity, and omnivory enhance the stability of a shallow benthic food web from a high-Arctic fjord exposed to freshwater inputs","volume":"66","author":"G. Bridier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12035","article-title":"Dietary plasticity in the bivalve Astarte moerchi revealed by a multimarker study in two Arctic fjords","volume":"567","author":"S. De Cesare","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116182","article-title":"Stable isotope turnover and half-life in animal tissues: A literature synthesis","volume":"10","author":"M. J. Vander Zanden","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0308562.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379558","article-title":"Fractionation and turnover of stable carbon isotopes in animal tissues: Implications for \u03b413C analysis of diet","volume":"57","author":"L. L. Tieszen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0308562.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-012-2483-9","article-title":"Tissue turnover and stable isotope clocks to quantify resource shifts in anadromous rainbow trout","volume":"172","author":"W. N. Heady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"pone.0308562.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/380697a0","article-title":"Active cycling of organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean","volume":"380","author":"P. A. Wheeler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0308562.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1357\/002224007782689094","article-title":"Rapid consumption of phytoplankton and ice algae by arctic soft-sediment benthic communities: Evidence using natural and 13C-labeled food materials","volume":"65","author":"M. Y. Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0308562.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8090676","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of ice algal trophic markers\u2014with recommendations about their application","volume":"8","author":"E. Leu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308562","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T17:34:04Z","timestamp":1723052044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308562"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lee W.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocab":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0308562","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]}}}