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Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of the attentional focus (external vs. internal) on torque complexity and variability as well as its associated intermuscular coordination processes. Fourteen participants performed maximal and submaximal isometric knee extension tasks in three conditions (control, external focus, internal focus) to assess immediate effects of the focus of attention in a within-subjects comparison. Peak torque was extracted from maximal trials. Regarding submaximal trials, torque complexity and the magnitude of variability were assessed through Sample Entropy (SampEn), i.e., a measure of regularity in the temporal structure of torque output and coefficient of variation (CV), respectively. The intermuscular coordination was assessed through co-contraction index. An external focus led to an increase in SampEn (i.e., decreased regularity) when compared to an internal focus (p\u2009=\u20090.032) and a control condition (p\u2009=\u20090.036). Conversely, no differences were found for CV and peak torque. The external focus promoted a decrease in muscular activity of vastus medialis in comparison with the internal focus (p\u2009=\u20090.040) and an increase in muscular activity when compared to the control condition (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, an external focus led to decreased muscular activity of semitendinosus as well as a decrease in the co-contraction indices involving semitendinosus in comparison with the internal focus and the control condition (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The present findings suggest that an external focus leads to an enhanced flexibility of motor control. Moreover, the general decrease in co-contraction and in muscular activity without affecting maximal force parameters that we observed with an external focus suggest a higher efficiency of the motor system caused by intermuscular coordination processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T17:41:39Z","timestamp":1750873299000},"page":"e0325302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of attentional focus on the regulation of torque complexity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-9639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philipp","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o S.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-4664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o H.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-5563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pezarat-Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9691-5456","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0325302.ref001","first-page":"63","article-title":"Nonlinear tools in human movement.","volume-title":"Innovative analyses of human movement","author":"N Stergiou","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0325302.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691221793","volume-title":"From clocks to chaos: the rhythms of life","author":"L Glass","year":"1988"},{"issue":"5065","key":"pone.0325302.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1615321","article-title":"Chaos breaks out at NIH, but order may come of it","volume":"256","author":"I Amato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325302.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90757.2008","article-title":"Fractal dynamics of human gait: a reassessment of the 1996 data of Hausdorff et al","volume":"106","author":"D Deligni\u00e8res","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325302.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1324008","article-title":"Nonlinear time series analysis of normal and pathological human walking","volume":"10","author":"JB Dingwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0325302.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2746383","article-title":"Differences between local and orbital dynamic stability during human walking","volume":"129","author":"JB Dingwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325302.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080130","article-title":"Movement variability and the use of nonlinear tools: principles to guide physical therapist practice","volume":"89","author":"RT Harbourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0325302.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.10.019","article-title":"An improved surrogate method for detecting the presence of chaos in gait","volume":"39","author":"DJ Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0325302.ref009","first-page":"1806","article-title":"Loss of \u201ccomplexity\u201d and aging","volume":"267","author":"LA Lipsitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0325302.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000281949.48193.d9","article-title":"Optimal movement variability: a new theoretical perspective for neurologic physical therapy","volume":"30","author":"N Stergiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0325302.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4460-2_19","article-title":"Constraints on the development of coordination.","volume-title":"Motor development in children: aspects of coordination and control","author":"KM. 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