{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T18:30:07Z","timestamp":1766082607709,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014895","name":"Open Philanthropy Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04326\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite a growing interest in animal welfare in production systems, research on fish welfare remains limited, particularly in commercial fisheries. Fish caught in fixed-net fisheries experience multiple stressors from the time of capture to mortality on deck considered detrimental to their welfare. We examined the impact of bottom-set gill nets and on-board handling on catch welfare using behavioural and physiological indicators. Vitality assessments were performed on four commercially important fish species on-board fishing vessels through a devised vitality scale that included behaviours, morphological condition and reflexes as indicators of welfare. Physiological stress parameters (Cortisol, Glucose, Lactate and Osmolality) were evaluated in blood collected on deck and analysed in relation to the vitality scores. The vitality at arrival on deck as well as the rate of decrease in vitality differed significantly amongst the tested species. Furthermore, Generalised Linear Models predicted that several biological, operational, and environmental variables significantly affect the extent of time the fish shows activity, and hence, on the welfare. Elevated average cortisol levels were found at all the vitality stages highlighting the stress experienced by fish due to the fishing process. The findings of this study enable us to recommend welfare-friendly methods in set-net fisheries to promote better fishing standards.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T18:26:07Z","timestamp":1766082367000},"page":"e0330004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing fish welfare in small-scale commercial fixed-net fisheries off the Southern Portuguese coast"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Vighnesh","family":"Samel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mar\u00e7alo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-5648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Magda","family":"Frade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Bentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o L.","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-8190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge M.S.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5371-7919","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330004.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(86)90109-0","article-title":"Indicators of poor welfare","volume":"142","author":"DM Broom","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330004.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.69104167x","article-title":"Animal welfare: concepts and measurement","volume":"69","author":"DM Broom","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"5214","key":"pone.0330004.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/224018a0","article-title":"Welfare of Domestic Animals","volume":"224","author":"WH THORPE","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0330004.ref004","author":"D Waley","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0330004.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.09.001","article-title":"Fish welfare: Current issues in aquaculture","volume":"104","author":"PJ Ashley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Sci"},{"key":"pone.0330004.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134819","article-title":"Effects of capture-related stress and pre-freezing holding in refrigerated sea water (RSW) on the muscle quality and storage stability of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) during subsequent frozen storage","volume":"405","author":"N Anders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330004.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15846","article-title":"Surveying the welfare of farmed fish species on a global scale through the fair-fish database","volume":"105","author":"CM Maia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"pone.0330004.ref008","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","year":"2025"},{"key":"pone.0330004.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41675-1_17","article-title":"Catch welfare in commercial fisheries","author":"M Breen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal Welfare. 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