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In mice, the gonadal adipose tissue (AT) typically harbors 2\u20135 million parasites, while most solid organs show 10 to 100-fold fewer parasites. In this study, we tested whether the AT environment responds immunologically to the presence of the parasite. Transcriptome analysis of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic> infected adipose tissue revealed that most upregulated host genes are involved in inflammation and immune cell functions. Histochemistry and flow cytometry confirmed an increasingly higher number of infiltrated macrophages, neutrophils and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes upon infection. A large proportion of these lymphocytes effectively produce the type 1 effector cytokines, IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1. Additionally, the adipose tissue showed accumulation of antigen-specific IgM and IgG antibodies as infection progressed. Mice lacking T and\/or B cells (<jats:italic>Rag2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>Jht<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>), or the signature cytokine (<jats:italic>Ifng<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>) displayed a higher parasite load both in circulation and in the AT, demonstrating the key role of the adaptive immune system in both compartments. Interestingly, infections of <jats:italic>C3<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice showed that while complement system is dispensable to control parasite load in the blood, it is necessary in the AT and other solid tissues. We conclude that <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic> infection triggers a broad and robust immune response in the AT, which requires the complement system to locally reduce parasite burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T18:04:27Z","timestamp":1631729067000},"page":"e1009933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Trypanosoma brucei triggers a broad immune response in the adipose tissue"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-961X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiago","family":"Bizarra-Rebelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-5403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariana","family":"Costa-Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-1532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5283-5013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4003-020X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filipa","family":"Rijo-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-4269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara","family":"Rentroia-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Serre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-6586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ppat.1009933.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006002","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006002","article-title":"The socio-economic burden of human African trypanosomiasis and the coping strategies of households in the South Western Kenya foci","volume":"11","author":"SA Bukachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ppat.1009933.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78665-0_83","volume-title":"The Burden of Human African Trypanosomiasis. 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