{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:33:42Z","timestamp":1774326822243,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010955","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRSII3_160702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSII3_160702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_184662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_184662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plospathogens.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Pathog"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyst-forming Apicomplexa (CFA) of the Sarcocystidae have a ubiquitous presence as pathogens of humans and farm animals transmitted through the food chain between hosts with few notable exceptions. The defining hallmark of this family of obligate intracellular protists consists of their ability to remain for very long periods as infectious tissue cysts in chronically infected intermediate hosts. Nevertheless, each closely related species has evolved unique strategies to maintain distinct reservoirs on global scales and ensuring efficient transmission to definitive hosts as well as between intermediate hosts. Here, we present an in-depth comparative mRNA expression analysis of the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages of <jats:italic>Besnoitia besnoiti<\/jats:italic> strain Lisbon14 isolated from an infected farm animal based on its annotated genome sequence. The <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>besnoiti<\/jats:italic> genome is highly syntenic with that of other CFA and also retains the capacity to encode a large majority of known and inferred factors essential for completing a sexual cycle in a yet unknown definitive host. This work introduces <jats:italic>Besnoitia besnoiti<\/jats:italic> as a new model for comparative biology of coccidian tissue cysts which can be readily obtained in high purity. This model provides a framework for addressing fundamental questions about the evolution of tissue cysts and the biology of this pharmacologically intractable infectious parasite stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T19:15:28Z","timestamp":1668712528000},"page":"e1010955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dissection of Besnoitia besnoiti intermediate host life cycle stages: From morphology to gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2277-2373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chandra","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc W.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hemphill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Soldati-Favre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-4445","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adrian B.","family":"Hehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ppat.1010955.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.002","article-title":"A century of bovine besnoitiosis: an unknown disease re-emerging in Europe","volume":"29","author":"G \u00c1lvarez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1010955.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000262","article-title":"A review on bovine besnoitiosis: a disease with economic impact in herd health management, caused by Besnoitia besnoiti (Franco and Borges, 1916).","volume":"141","author":"H Cortes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ppat.1010955.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000729","article-title":"Dynamics of Besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle","volume":"141","author":"G Alvarez-Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010955.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.027","article-title":"Exploring the life cycle of Besnoitia besnoiti\u2014Experimental infection of putative definitive and intermediate host species","volume":"178","author":"W Basso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ppat.1010955.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932710","article-title":"Besnoitia besnoiti: studies on the definitive host and experimental infections in cattle","volume":"75","author":"L Diesing","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ppat.1010955.ref006","first-page":"33","article-title":"Koshki\u2013definitivnye khoziaeva besnoitii (Besnoitia besnoiti), [Cats\u2013definitive hosts of Besnoitia (Besnoitia besnoiti)].","volume":"1","author":"VM Peteshev","year":"1974","journal-title":"Izvest Akad Nauk Kazakh Ser Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ppat.1010955.ref007","first-page":"112","article-title":"Neue Erkenntnisse zur Biologie der Kokzidien, Toxoplasmen, Sarkosporidien und Besnoitien.","volume":"88","author":"M. Rommel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"issue":"4","key":"ppat.1010955.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00127.x","article-title":"Ultrastructure of Besnoitia besnoiti tissue cysts and bradyzoites","volume":"50","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"ppat.1010955.ref009","unstructured":"Available from: https:\/\/www.askjpc.org\/wsco\/wsc_showcase2.php?id=T3M1YnlaNjE1Zlljdkp1VTBYemNTQT09."},{"issue":"3","key":"ppat.1010955.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814541705","article-title":"Naturally Acquired Bovine Besnoitiosis: Histological and Immunohistochemical Findings in Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Disease","volume":"52","author":"MC Langenmayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet 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