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We provide a comprehensive update on wolf populations in Europe, estimated at over 21,500 individuals by 2022, representing a 58% increase over the past decade. Despite the challenges of high human densities and significant land use for agriculture, industry, and urbanization, wolves have demonstrated remarkable adaptability and increasing population trends in most European countries. Improved monitoring techniques, although varying in quality and scope, have played a crucial role in tracking this recovery. Annually, wolves kill approximately 56,000 domestic animals in the EU, a risk unevenly distributed and differently handled across regions. Damage compensation costs 17 million EUR every year to European countries. Positive economic impacts from wolf presence, such as those related to reducing traffic accidents with wild ungulates or supporting wildlife tourism, remain under studied. Wolf recovery in Europe is supported by diverse policy and legal instruments such as LIFE programs, stakeholder platforms, as well as the EU Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Coexisting with newly established wolf populations in Europe entails managing impacts on human activities, including livestock depredation, competition for game, and fear of attacks on humans, amidst varying social and political views on wolf recovery. Sustainable coexistence continues to operate in evolving and complex social, economic, and political landscapes, often characterized by intense debates regarding wolf policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pstr.0000158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T18:40:07Z","timestamp":1740508807000},"page":"e0000158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pstr.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Continuing recovery of wolves in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1171-1516","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Di Bernardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Chapron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5428-1176","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Petra","family":"Kaczensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"\u00c1lvares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Andr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vaidas","family":"Balys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Silviu","family":"Chiriac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Du\u0161ko","family":"\u0106irovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nolwenn","family":"Drouet-Hoguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Djuro","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yorgos","family":"Iliopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ilpo","family":"Kojola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miha","family":"Krofel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3857-5419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Kutal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John D. C.","family":"Linnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3013-008X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Maji\u0107 Skrbin\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peep","family":"M\u00e4nnil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-6106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Marucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dime","family":"Melovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Meng\u00fcll\u00fco\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Mergeay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Mys\u0142ajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u0101nis","family":"Ozoli\u0146\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Ranc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ilka","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Rigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Salvatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Schley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6815-7421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aleksand\u00ebr","family":"Traj\u00e7e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Trbojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arie","family":"Trouwborst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"von Arx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Zlatanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Boitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6167","key":"pstr.0000158.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241484","article-title":"Status and ecological effects of the world\u2019s largest carnivores","volume":"343","author":"WJ Ripple","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6216","key":"pstr.0000158.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257553","article-title":"Recovery of large carnivores in Europe\u2019s modern human-dominated landscapes","volume":"346","author":"G Chapron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.04.019","article-title":"Large carnivore damage in Europe: analysis of compensation and prevention programs","volume":"235","author":"C Bautista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108500","article-title":"The challenges and opportunities of coexisting with wild ungulates in the human-dominated landscapes of Europe\u2019s Anthropocene","volume":"244","author":"JDC Linnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref005","volume-title":"The wolf: culture, nature, heritage","author":"I Convery","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"pstr.0000158.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103083","article-title":"Coexistence of large mammals and humans is possible in Europe\u2019s anthropogenic landscapes","volume":"24","author":"B Cretois","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref007","volume-title":"IUCN SSC Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence Specialist Group","author":"IUCN SSC","year":"2023"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref008","author":"C Di Bernardi","year":"2025"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref009","volume-title":"Demography of Europe","author":"Eurostat.","year":"2023"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref010","volume-title":"EU livestock population","author":"Eurostat","year":"2023"},{"key":"pstr.0000158.ref011","unstructured":"DBBW. 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