{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T07:26:35Z","timestamp":1793949995449,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: \u03b3-Glutamyltransferase (GGT), which maintains cellular concentrations of glutathione, may be a marker of oxidative stress, and GGT itself may produce oxidative stress. We performed a prospective study to examine whether serum GGT predicts diabetes and hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Study participants were 4844 black and white men and women 18\u201330 years of age in 1985\u20131986; they were reexamined 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 years later. Year 0 GGT cutpoints were 12, 17, 25, and 36 U\/L (overall 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles; the laboratory cutpoints for abnormal are 40 U\/L in women and 50 U\/L in men). We deleted 32 participants with prevalent diabetes and 140 participants with prevalent hypertension from the respective incidence analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: After adjustment for study center, race, sex, and age in proportional hazards regression, the hazard ratios across year 0 GGT categories were 1.0, 1.6, 1.7, 4.0 (95% confidence interval, 2.0\u20138.1), and 5.5 (2.7\u201311.1) for 15-year incident diabetes and 1.0, 1.2, 1.7 (1.2\u20132.2), 2.3 (1.7\u20133.2), and 2.3 (1.7\u20133.2) for hypertension. Additional adjustment for year 0 alcohol consumption, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and physical activity attenuated this relationship, but GGT remained a significant predictor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Serum GGT within a range regarded as physiologically normal is associated with incident diabetes and hypertension. Considering known functionality of GGT, these associations are consistent with a role for oxidative stress in risk for diabetes and hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1373\/49.8.1358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,12]],"date-time":"2004-02-12T19:45:30Z","timestamp":1076615130000},"page":"1358-1366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":372,"title":["\u03b3-Glutamyltransferase Is a Predictor of Incident Diabetes and Hypertension: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Duk-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Pusan, Korea 602-202"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and"},{"name":"Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron","family":"Gross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina I","family":"Kiefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, and"},{"name":"Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Roseman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35205"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Steffes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020030122221383500_R1","first-page":"79","volume":"224","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115661","volume":"132","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117075","volume":"139","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117699","volume":"142","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1997.0144","volume":"26","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.5.732","volume":"21","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R7","first-page":"445","volume":"8","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.8.1851","volume":"31","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00252-6","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1036-5","volume":"46","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(77)91531-5","volume":"75","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90080-7","volume":"41","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00008483-198911000-00003","volume":"9","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Cardiopulmonary Rehabil"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)00106-8","volume":"300","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1844","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30692","volume":"35","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.11.5.7946387","volume":"11","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.8087","volume":"143","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008484200","volume":"276","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/6.4.241","volume":"6","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.2.343","volume":"15","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00422-4","volume":"22","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00127-0","volume":"25","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00284-0","volume":"24","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117225","volume":"140","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.8.2348","volume":"51","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199715011-00003","volume":"15","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hypertension"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(99)00129-6","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.1.507","volume":"35","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.342","volume":"104","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2000.106646","volume":"140","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2020030122221383500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801561","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/49\/8\/1358\/32730594\/clinchem1358.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/49\/8\/1358\/32730594\/clinchem1358.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T22:23:52Z","timestamp":1583101432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article\/49\/8\/1358\/5641890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/49.8.1358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]}}}