{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:26:00Z","timestamp":1785363960171,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DA 013190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DA 013190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabis is the most frequently used illicit drug among pregnant women, but data describing the effects of prenatal cannabis exposure and concurrent nicotine and cannabis exposures on neonatal growth are inconsistent. Testing of meconium, the first neonatal feces, offers objective evidence of prenatal cannabis exposure, but the relative ability of meconium testing and maternal self-report to identify affected neonates remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-six pregnant women provided detailed self-reports of daily cannabis and tobacco consumption throughout pregnancy. Cannabinoids and tobacco biomarkers were identified in oral fluid samples collected each trimester and quantified in meconium at birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabis-using women were significantly more likely to also consume tobacco, and smoked similar numbers of cigarettes as non\u2013cannabis-using tobacco smokers. As pregnancy progressed, fewer women smoked cannabis and those who continued to use cannabis reported smoking a smaller number of cannabis joints, but positive maternal oral fluid tests cast doubt on the veracity of some maternal self-reports. More neonates were identified as cannabis exposed by maternal self-report than meconium analysis, because many women quit cannabis use after the first or second trimester; meconium was more likely to be positive if cannabis use continued into the third trimester. Cannabis exposure was associated with decreased birth weight, reduced length, and smaller head circumference, even after data were controlled for tobacco coexposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with fetal growth reduction. Meconium testing primarily identifies prenatal cannabis exposure occurring in the third trimester of gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.147876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,27]],"date-time":"2010-08-27T19:23:35Z","timestamp":1282937015000},"page":"1442-1450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Identifying Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Effects of Concurrent Tobacco Exposure on Neonatal Growth"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Teresa R","family":"Gray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore; MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina D","family":"Eiden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E","family":"Leonard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard J","family":"Connors","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Shisler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn A","family":"Huestis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore; MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020022704350178100_B1","article-title":"Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: national findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Office of Applied Studies (OAS)","year":"2009"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2005.09.006","article-title":"Survey of medicinal cannabis use among childbearing women: Patterns of its use in pregnancy and retroactive self-assessment of its efficacy against \u201cmorning sickness.\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Westfall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114488","article-title":"Effect of marijuana use in pregnancy on fetal growth","volume":"124","author":"Hatch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181bfa8ee","article-title":"Intrauterine cannabis exposure affects fetal growth trajectories: The Generation R Study","volume":"48","author":"El Marroun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.2.254","article-title":"Prenatal marijuana exposure and neonatal outcomes in Jamaica: an ethnographic study","volume":"93","author":"Dreher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B6","first-page":"120","article-title":"Five-year follow-up of rural Jamaican children whose mothers used marijuana during pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Hayes","year":"1991","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2307\/1131016","article-title":"Effects of marijuana use during pregnancy on newborn cry","volume":"60","author":"Lester","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00535.x","article-title":"Prevalence of gestational exposure to cannabis in a Mediterranean city by meconium analysis","volume":"96","author":"Lozano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B9","first-page":"107","article-title":"Newborn outcomes with maternal marihuana use in Jamaican women","volume":"14","author":"Hayes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.007","article-title":"Characteristics of pregnant illicit drug users and associations between cannabis use and perinatal outcome in a population-based study","volume":"109","author":"van Gelder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318160b3f0","article-title":"Prenatal marijuana exposure and intelligence test performance at age 6","volume":"47","author":"Goldschmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2005.03.010","article-title":"Prenatal marijuana exposure: effect on child depressive symptoms at ten years of age","volume":"27","author":"Gray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01523.x","article-title":"Prenatal marijuana exposure contributes to the prediction of marijuana use at age 14","volume":"101","author":"Day","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.156","article-title":"Correlations of maternal buprenorphine dose, buprenorphine, and metabolite concentrations in meconium with neonatal outcomes","volume":"84","author":"Kacinko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181bb438e","article-title":"Identification of prenatal amphetamines exposure by maternal interview and meconium toxicology in the Infant Development, Evironment and Lifestyle (IDEAL) study","volume":"31","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","article-title":"Timeline follow-back: a technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption","volume-title":"Measuring alcohol consumption","author":"Sobell","year":"1992"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00485.x","article-title":"Reliability of a timeline method: assessing normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations","volume":"83","author":"Sobell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.6.394","article-title":"Relationship of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in oral fluid and plasma after controlled administration of smoked cannabis","volume":"28","author":"Huestis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1384.037","article-title":"Interpretation of oral fluid tests for drugs of abuse","volume":"1098","author":"Cone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.4.216","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid of occasional and chronic users","volume":"34","author":"Toennes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3772-y","article-title":"Effect of hydrolysis on identifying prenatal cannabis exposure","volume":"397","author":"Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2680-5","article-title":"A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 20 drugs of abuse and metabolites in human meconium","volume":"393","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B23","article-title":"During pregnancy, recreational drug-using women stop taking ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) and reduce alcohol consumption, but continue to smoke tobacco and cannabis: initial findings from the Development and Infancy Study","author":"Moore","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.7.607","article-title":"Passive cannabis smoke exposure and oral fluid testing. II: two studies of extreme cannabis smoke exposure in a motor vehicle","volume":"29","author":"Niedbala","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anal Tox"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000245380.95186.13","article-title":"Quantification of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its major metabolites in meconium by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay: assay validation and preliminary results of the \u201cMeconium Project.\u201d","volume":"28","author":"Marchei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/22.4.329","article-title":"Delta-9-thc metabolites in meconium: identification of 11-OH-delta-9-THC, 8 beta,11-diOH-delta-9-THC, and 11-nor-delta-9-THC-9-COOH as major metabolites of delta-9-THC","volume":"22","author":"ElSohly","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.6.522","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of the Delta9-THC metabolites 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta9-THC and 11-hydroxy-Delta9-THC in meconium by GC-MS","volume":"29","author":"Coles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.100","article-title":"Characterization of the absorption phase of marijuana smoking","volume":"52","author":"Huestis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.005","article-title":"Cannabinoid concentrations in hair from documented cannabis users","volume":"169","author":"Huestis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Internat"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.010","article-title":"Demographic, emotional and social determinants of cannabis use in early pregnancy: the Generation R study","volume":"98","author":"El Marroun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B31","first-page":"550","article-title":"Reproductive effects","volume-title":"The health consequences of smoking: a report of the Surgeon General","author":"United States Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6904.588","article-title":"Birth weight from pregnancies dated by ultrasonography in a multicultural British population","volume":"307","author":"Wilcox","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2020022704350178100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2004.11.002","article-title":"Marijuana impairs growth in mid-gestation fetuses","volume":"27","author":"Hurd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/56\/9\/1442\/32653702\/clinchem1442.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/56\/9\/1442\/32653702\/clinchem1442.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,3]],"date-time":"2023-06-03T01:34:00Z","timestamp":1685756040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article\/56\/9\/1442\/5622226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2010.147876","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]}}}