{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:14:09Z","timestamp":1782962049518,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]],"date-time":"2011-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1296518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK074556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK074556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL091750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL091750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50HL083813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HL083813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK036836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK036836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK074556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK074556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL091750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL091750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DK074556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DK074556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL091750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL091750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50HL083813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HL083813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK036836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK036836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chronic inflammation may participate in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease and may be a common denominator that links obesity to these disease states.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONTENT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epidemiologic studies have linked inflammatory biomarkers to incident diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Cellular and animal studies have provided support to the idea that inflammation mediates these disease processes, providing impetus to pharmacologically target these pathways for disease treatment and prevention. We review clinical strategies to target inflammation, with a focus on the antiinflammatory and antihyperglycemic effects of salicylates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The evolving concept of diet-induced obesity driving insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease through immunologic processes provides new opportunities for the use of antiinflammatory strategies to correct the metabolic consequences of excess adiposity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.148833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,22]],"date-time":"2010-11-22T23:36:11Z","timestamp":1290468971000},"page":"162-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Therapeutic Approaches to Target Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Allison B","family":"Goldfine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E","family":"Shoelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center and"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020022704525357500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2.455","article-title":"High white blood cell count is associated with a worsening of insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Vozarova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01864.x","article-title":"Differential leucocyte count and the risk of future coronary artery disease in healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study","volume":"262","author":"Rana","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.3.327","article-title":"C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"286","author":"Pradhan","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.1.93","article-title":"C-reactive protein as a predictor for incident diabetes mellitus among middle-aged men: results from the MONICA Augsburg cohort study, 1984\u20131998","volume":"163","author":"Thorand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704033361401","article-title":"Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men","volume":"336","author":"Ridker","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29069","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shoelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065213","article-title":"Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"356","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","article-title":"Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"259","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.8.902","article-title":"Effects of etanercept in patients with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"166","author":"Bernstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B10","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 antagonism with etanercept decreases glucose and increases the proportion of high molecular weight adiponectin in obese subjects with features of the metabolic syndrome","author":"Stanley","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1131","article-title":"Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study","volume":"51","author":"Festa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010100","article-title":"Thirty-one novel biomarkers as predictors for clinically incident diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Salomaa","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.05.002","article-title":"The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"104","author":"Friedewald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0607372","article-title":"The re-emerging role of the intestinal microflora in critical illness and inflammation: why the gut hypothesis of sepsis syndrome will not go away","volume":"83","author":"Alverdy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0698","article-title":"Association between fine particulate matter and diabetes prevalence in the U.S","author":"Pearson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1566","article-title":"Intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin on inflammation and coagulation in participants with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"54","author":"Haffner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2371","article-title":"The effects of weight loss and gastric banding on the innate and adaptive immune system in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes","volume":"95","author":"Viardot","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.041","article-title":"Improvement of cardiovascular risk markers by pioglitazone is independent from glycemic control: results from the pioneer study","volume":"45","author":"Pfutzner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1661","article-title":"Rosiglitazone decreases C-reactive protein to a greater extent relative to glyburide and metformin over 4 years despite greater weight gain: observations from a Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT)","volume":"33","author":"Kahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03988","article-title":"A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR\u03b3","volume":"437","author":"Pascual","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B21","first-page":"3257","article-title":"Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor \u03baB and stimulates I\u03baB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect?","volume":"86","author":"Dandona","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1347","article-title":"Effects of initiating insulin and metformin on glycemic control and inflammatory biomarkers among patients with type 2 diabetes: the LANCET randomized trial","volume":"302","author":"Pradhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.009","article-title":"Diabetes treatments have differential effects on nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"20","author":"Fonseca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-8-200310210-00011","article-title":"Effects of statins on nonlipid serum markers associated with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review","volume":"139","author":"Balk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.005","article-title":"Reduction in recurrent cardiovascular events with intensive lipid-lowering statin therapy compared with moderate lipid-lowering statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22) trial","volume":"54","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807646","article-title":"Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein","volume":"359","author":"Ridker","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0738","article-title":"Statin therapy and risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Rajpathak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.2.187","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and risk of diabetes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"298","author":"Wasko","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0783","article-title":"The use of interleukin-1-receptor antagonists in the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Donath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B30","first-page":"337","article-title":"Zur therapie des diabetes mellitus, insbesondere uber die anwendeng der salicylauren natron bei demselben","volume":"13","author":"Ebstein","year":"1876","journal-title":"Berl Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2100.760","article-title":"On the treatment of glycosuria and diabetes mellitus with sodium salicylate","volume":"1","author":"Williamson","year":"1901","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5053.1071","article-title":"Aspirin and diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Reid","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8052854","article-title":"Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin","volume":"265","author":"Kopp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061620","article-title":"Reversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of IKK\u03b2","volume":"293","author":"Yuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.027","article-title":"IKK\u03b2\/NF-\u03baB activation causes severe muscle wasting in mice","volume":"119","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1166","article-title":"Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-\u03b2 and NF-\u03baB","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1185","article-title":"IKK-\u03b2 links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Arkan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5244.2017","article-title":"The effect of sodium salicylate and aspirin on NF-\u03baB","volume":"270","author":"Frantz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1546322","article-title":"Effect of sodium salicylate on the human heat shock response","volume":"255","author":"Jurivich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214955","article-title":"Mechanism by which high-dose aspirin improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Hundal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-8062.2008.00026.x","article-title":"Use of salsalate to target inflammation in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Goldfine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1338","article-title":"Salsalate improves glycemia and inflammatory parameters in obese young adults","volume":"31","author":"Fleischman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804294","article-title":"Nuclear factor-\u03baB activation contributes to vascular endothelial dysfunction via oxidative stress in overweight\/obese middle-aged and older humans","volume":"119","author":"Pierce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1212","article-title":"Salicylates increase insulin secretion in healthy obese subjects","volume":"93","author":"Fernandez-Real","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.27.7.750","article-title":"Restoration of the acute insulin response by sodium salicylate. A glucose dose-related phenomenon","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2020022704525357500_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-6-201003160-00004","article-title":"The effects of salsalate on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial","volume":"152","author":"Goldfine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Clinical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/57\/2\/162\/32654743\/clinchem0162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article-pdf\/57\/2\/162\/32654743\/clinchem0162.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T04:54:55Z","timestamp":1582779295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/clinchem\/article\/57\/2\/162\/5621043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2010.148833","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9147","1530-8561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}}}