{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:46:31Z","timestamp":1790279191245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100005C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100005C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100006C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100006C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100007C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100007C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100008C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100009C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100009C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100010C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100010C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100011C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100011C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201100012C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201100012C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HL075572-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HL075572-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HL007024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL007024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 DK076595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 DK076595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK089174"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK089174"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), fructosamine, and glycated albumin are of increasing interest as alternative measures of hyperglycemia. We characterize the associations of these nontraditional glycemic markers with hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) and fasting glucose and assess their ability to identify people with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional comparison of 1,5-AG, fructosamine, and glycated albumin with Hb A1c and fasting glucose measurements in 1719 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. We evaluated nonlinear relationships using R2 and F-statistics. Performance for identification of cases of diabetes was determined using the area under the curve (AUC). Diabetes was defined by Hb A1c \u22656.5%, fasting glucose \u2265126 mg\/dL (\u22656.99 mmol\/L), and\/or a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Median values of Hb A1c and fasting glucose were 5.8% and 109 mg\/dL (6.05 mmol\/L), respectively; 17.3% of the study population had diagnosed diabetes. Glycated albumin, fructosamine, and 1,5-AG were more strongly correlated with Hb A1c compared with fasting glucose (all P values &amp;lt;0.05). Nonlinear models provided the best fit for describing the relationships of the alternative markers to Hb A1c. When diabetes was defined by an Hb A1c \u22656.5%, fructosamine (AUC 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79\u20130.87) and glycated albumin (AUC 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83\u20130.90) performed comparably to fasting glucose (AUC 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79\u20130.87), while 1,5-AG performed worse (AUC 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69\u20130.78) for identifying cases of undiagnosed diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fructosamine and glycated albumin may be useful adjuncts to Hb A1c and fasting glucose. Future studies should examine these markers in situations in which fasting glucose or Hb A1c measurements are invalid or not available.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.188367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]],"date-time":"2012-09-28T14:54:20Z","timestamp":1348844060000},"page":"1648-1655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Associations of Alternative Markers of Glycemia with Hemoglobin A1c and Fasting Glucose"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Stephen P","family":"Juraschek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W","family":"Steffes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Selvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020022705231763600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S106","article-title":"Tests of glycemia in diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Goldstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020022705231763600_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1089\/152091503765691839","article-title":"Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (GlycoMark): a short-term glycemic marker","volume":"5","author":"Buse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2020022705231763600_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.12.2153","article-title":"Fructosamine: structure, analysis, and clinical usefulness","volume":"33","author":"Armbruster","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020022705231763600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2010.12.003","article-title":"The glycation of albumin: structural and functional impacts","volume":"93","author":"Rondeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"2020022705231763600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.14.1688","article-title":"Assessing glycemia in diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c","volume":"295","author":"Saudek","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2020022705231763600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.144949","article-title":"Progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the glycation gap is a significant predictor after adjustment for glycohemoglobin (Hb A1c)","volume":"57","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Segade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2020022705231763600_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1767","article-title":"Evidence for consistency of the glycation gap in diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Nayak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2020022705231763600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115184","article-title":"The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study: design and objectives. 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