{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T04:59:06Z","timestamp":1761541146570},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immune response involves the activation of heterogeneous populations of T cells and B cells that show different degrees of affinity and specificity for target antigens. Although several techniques have been developed to study the molecular pathways that control immunity, there is a need for high-throughput assays to monitor the specificity of the immune response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONTENT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antigen microarrays provide a new tool to study the immune response. We reviewed the literature on antigen microarrays and their advantages and limitations, and we evaluated their use for the study of autoimmune diseases. Antigen arrays have been successfully used for several purposes in the investigation of autoimmune disorders: for disease diagnosis, to monitor disease progression and response to therapy, to discover mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to tailor antigen-specific therapies to the autoimmune response of individual patients. In this review we discuss the use of antigen microarrays for the study of 4 common autoimmune diseases and their animal models: type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antigen microarrays constitute a new tool for the investigation of the immune response in autoimmune disorders and also in other conditions such as tumors and allergies. Once current limitations are overcome, antigen microarrays have the potential to revolutionize the investigation and management of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.194423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T03:11:46Z","timestamp":1363230706000},"page":"1036-1044","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Antigen Microarrays for the Study of Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ada","family":"Yeste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J","family":"Quintana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020022705325866700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00161-8","article-title":"Present difficulties and future promise of MHC multimers in autoimmune exploration","volume":"12","author":"Ferlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2020022705325866700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(05)88002-2","article-title":"Tetramer analysis of human autoreactive CD4-positive T cells","volume":"88","author":"Nepom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"2020022705325866700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00112-8","article-title":"Pathogenic roles of B cells in human autoimmunity; insights from the clinic","volume":"20","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2020022705325866700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.10.007","article-title":"B cells and autoimmunity","volume":"23","author":"Pillai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2020022705325866700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200300583","article-title":"Protein arrays for autoantibody profiling and fine-specificity mapping","volume":"3","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"2020022705325866700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119622","article-title":"Recognition of the immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide by autoantibodies and HLA-DR2-restricted T cell clones from multiple sclerosis patients. 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