{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:59:10Z","timestamp":1792724350091,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several compounds in the choline oxidation pathway are associated with insulin resistance and prevalent diabetes; however, prospective data are scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We explored the relationships between systemic and urinary choline-related metabolites and incident type 2 diabetes in an observational prospective study among Norwegian patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We explored risk associations by logistic regression among 3621 nondiabetic individuals with suspected stable angina pectoris, of whom 3242 provided urine samples. Reclassification of patients was investigated according to continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI &amp;gt;0).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After median (25th to 75th percentile) follow-up of 7.5 (6.4\u20138.7) years, 233 patients (6.4%) were registered with incident type 2 diabetes. In models adjusted for age, sex, and fasting status, plasma betaine was inversely related to new-onset disease [odds ratio (OR) per 1 SD, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.62\u20130.83; P &amp;lt; 0.00001], whereas positive associations were observed for urine betaine (1.25; 1.09\u20131.43; P = 0.001), dimethylglycine (1.22; 1.06\u20131.40; P = 0.007), and sarcosine (1.30; 1.13\u20131.49; P &amp;lt; 0.001). The associations were maintained in a multivariable model adjusting for body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, HDL cholesterol, and medications. Plasma betaine and urine sarcosine, the indices most strongly related to incident type 2 diabetes, improved reclassification [NRI &amp;gt;0 (95% CI) 0.33 (0.19\u20130.47) and 0.16 (0.01\u20130.31), respectively] and showed good within-person reproducibility.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Systemic and urinary concentrations of several choline metabolites were associated with risk of incident type 2 diabetes, and relevant biomarkers may improve risk prediction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.250761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T23:48:56Z","timestamp":1458085736000},"page":"755-765","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Prospective Associations of Systemic and Urinary Choline Metabolites with Incident Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Gard F T","family":"Svingen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hall","family":"Schartum-Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heart Disease"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva R","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per M","family":"Ueland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science"},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grethe S","family":"Tell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, and"},{"name":"Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Mellgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science"},{"name":"Hormone Laboratory, and"},{"name":"KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l R","family":"Nj\u00f8lstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Seifert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heart Disease"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Strand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical 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Assessment of nutritional status by vitamin markers. http:\/\/bevital.no (Accessed August 2015)."},{"key":"2020022605333962000_B17","unstructured":"USDA Agricultural Research Service. USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods, Release 2 (2008). http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/Services\/docs.htm?docid=6232 (Accessed June 2015)."},{"key":"2020022605333962000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29175","article-title":"Dietary intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and coronary events in Norwegian patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"92","author":"Manger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2020022605333962000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314529351","article-title":"Elevated plasma dimethylglycine is a risk marker of mortality in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"22","author":"Svingen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2020022605333962000_B20","first-page":"101","article-title":"Tell. 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