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To identify high-risk twins, we conducted telephone screening interviews for parent-reported symptoms of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) as well as indications of academic disengagement. Twins who exceeded a predetermined threshold were invited to participate. To facilitate comparison with the previously ascertained MTFS participants, a random sample of 11-year-old twins was also recruited. As part of the ES study, 499 twin pairs, and their parents, visited the University of Minnesota, where each participant completed a clinical interview, psychophysiological evaluation, and thorough assessment of environmental risk. We were highly successful in recruiting at-risk twins; 52% of the screened male twins and 41% of the screened females met criteria for a diagnosis of ADHD, CD, or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). At the pair level, 63% of the screened pairs had at least one member with a childhood disruptive disorder. This article provides an overview of the study design and includes a review of recent findings using this sample of twins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.12.5.489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,5]],"date-time":"2009-10-05T17:54:42Z","timestamp":1254765282000},"page":"489-501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["The Enrichment Study of the Minnesota Twin Family Study: Increasing the Yield of Twin Families at High Risk for Externalizing Psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Keyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene J.","family":"Elkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa N.","family":"Legrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"McGue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Iacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"p_1_139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230600801077"},{"key":"p_2_140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.6.1224"},{"key":"p_3_141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00304.x"},{"key":"p_4_142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199109000-00009"},{"key":"p_5_143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.111.2.279"},{"key":"p_6_144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00362-0"},{"key":"p_7_145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6474187"},{"key":"p_8_146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.4.516"},{"key":"p_9_147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.5.505"},{"key":"p_10_148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940505008X"},{"key":"p_11_149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705004770"},{"key":"p_12_150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.890"},{"key":"p_14_151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.1.38"},{"key":"p_15_152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.012"},{"key":"p_16_153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2004.00238.x"},{"key":"p_17_154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30818"},{"key":"p_18_155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01461.x"},{"key":"p_20_156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(91)90127-G"},{"key":"p_21_157","unstructured":"Dick, D. 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