{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:38:29Z","timestamp":1790980709904,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,23]],"date-time":"2008-06-23T23:37:53Z","timestamp":1214264273000},"page":"815S-843S","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Antithrombotic Therapy for Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Sobel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Verhaeghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1982.tb01939.x","article-title":"Prevalence of intermittent claudication and its effect on mortality","volume":"211","author":"Reunanen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6555.1137","article-title":"Fate in intermittent claudication: outcome and risk factors","volume":"293","author":"Jelnes","year":"1986","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(05)80262-2","article-title":"Prevalence of symptomatic leg ischaemia in a Swedish community: an epidemiological study","volume":"7","author":"Skau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.71.3.510","article-title":"The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population","volume":"71","author":"Criqui","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.837","article-title":"Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular health study","volume":"88","author":"Newman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90021-D","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of superficial femoral artery disease: long-term follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Cox","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1984.01390160060012","article-title":"Intermittent claudication","volume":"119","author":"Cronenwett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"45(suppl)","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.037","article-title":"Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)","author":"Norgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(89)70041-0","article-title":"Relationship of severity of lower limb peripheral vascular disease to mortality and morbidity: a six-year follow-up study","volume":"9","author":"Howell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92123-B","article-title":"Non-invasively detected carotid stenosis and ischaemic heart disease in men with leg arteriosclerosis","volume":"342","author":"Ogren","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01034-8","article-title":"Current medical therapies for patients with peripheral arterial disease: a critical review","volume":"112","author":"Regensteiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105243442108","article-title":"Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication","volume":"344","author":"Hiatt","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.065","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Marso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.054","volume":"45","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.11.1317","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care","volume":"286","author":"Hirsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.5.547","article-title":"Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease","volume":"295","author":"Hankey","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp064483","article-title":"Clinical practice: intermittent claudication","volume":"356","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000240426.53079.46","volume":"17","author":"Hirsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7329.71","article-title":"Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients","volume":"324","author":"Antithrombotic","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib20","first-page":"416","article-title":"Drug-induced inhibition of platelet function delays progression of peripheral occlusive arterial disease: a prospective double-blind arterio-graphically controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Hess","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93216-A","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin and subsequent peripheral arterial surgery in the Physicians' Health Study","volume":"340","author":"Goldhaber","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1646882","article-title":"Is it possible to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in subjects suffering from intermittent claudication of the lower limbs?","volume":"62","author":"Boissel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09457-3","article-title":"A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE)","volume":"348","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16721-4","article-title":"Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial","volume":"364","author":"Diener","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060989","article-title":"Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events","volume":"354","author":"Bhatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"45(suppl)","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.12.037","article-title":"Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II)","author":"Norgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09457-3","article-title":"A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE)","volume":"348","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-4-200502150-00007","article-title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of combination antiplatelet therapy for high-risk acute coronary syndromes: clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone","volume":"142","author":"Schleinitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200206063462309","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of aspirin, clopidogrel, or both for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"346","author":"Gaspoz","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.5.1563","article-title":"ADEP, Group Effect of picotamide on the clinical progression of peripheral vascular disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"87","author":"Balsano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.4.597","article-title":"Effects of picotamide, an antithromboxane agent, on carotid atherosclerotic evolution: a two-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in diabetic patients","volume":"26","author":"Cocozza","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehj.2004.07.013","article-title":"Picotamide, a combined inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthase and receptor, reduces 2-year mortality in diabetics with peripheral arterial disease: the DAVID study","volume":"25","author":"NeriSerneri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib33","first-page":"CD001999","article-title":"Anticoagulants (heparin, low molecular weight heparin and oral anticoagulants) for intermittent claudication","author":"Cosmi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000990","article-title":"Exercise for intermittent claudication","author":"Leng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev (database online)"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib35","first-page":"CD005263","article-title":"Supervised exercise therapy versus non-supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication","author":"Bendermacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib36","first-page":"59","article-title":"Treatment of claudication with dipyridamole and aspirin","volume":"6","author":"Libretti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059001800508","article-title":"Treatment of intermittent claudication with antiplatelet agents","volume":"18","author":"Giansante","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1002700","article-title":"Ticlopidine in the treatment of peripheral occlusive arterial disease","volume":"15","author":"Arcan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib39","first-page":"84","article-title":"Ticlopidine in the treatment of intermittent claudication: a 21-month double-blind trial","volume":"114","author":"Balsano","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(05)80200-X","article-title":"Reduction of the requirement for leg vascular surgery during long-term treat-ment of claudicant patients with ticlopidine: results from the Swedish Ticlopidine Multicentre Study (STIMS)","volume":"10","author":"Bergqvist","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02869-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis of results from eight randomized, placebo-controlled trials on the effect of cilostazol on patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"90","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib42","first-page":"CD003748","article-title":"Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease","author":"Robless","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50604.x","article-title":"Effect of cilostazol on treadmill walking, community-based walking ability, and health-related quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication due to peripheral arterial disease: meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Regensteiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(05)80040-0","article-title":"Exercise training improves functional status in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"23","author":"Regensteiner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(05)80040-0","article-title":"Evaluation of walking impairment by questionnaire in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"23","author":"Regensteiner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(98)70034-5","article-title":"Measurement of walking endurance and walking velocity with questionnaire: validation of the walking impairment questionnaire in men and women with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"28","author":"McDermott","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00569-6","article-title":"A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication","volume":"109","author":"Dawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1185\/03007997909109432","article-title":"Influence of pentoxifylline on erythrocyte deformability in peripheral occlusive arterial disease","volume":"6","author":"Angelkort","year":"1979","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(87)90029-2","article-title":"Treatment of claudication with pentoxifylline: are benefits related to improvement in viscosity?","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"156(suppl)","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518109097457","article-title":"Influence of risk factors and coagulation phenomena on the fluidity of blood in chronic arterial occlusive disease","author":"Angelkort","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib51","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Management of intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"155","author":"Hood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614560","article-title":"Antithrombotic drugs in the primary medical management of intermittent claudication: a meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Girolami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib53","first-page":"557","article-title":"Double blind study of pentoxifylline against placebo in patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"1","author":"Bollinger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pharmatherapeutica"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978303400105","article-title":"Placebo controlled double blind study with pentoxifylline of walking performance in patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"34","author":"DiPerri","year":"1983","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978403500702","article-title":"Trental 400 in the treatment of intermittent claudication: results of long-term, placebo-controlled administration","volume":"35","author":"Roekaerts","year":"1984","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978403500709","article-title":"Double-blind, crossover study of the clinical efficacy and the hemorheological effects of pentoxifylline in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the lower limbs","volume":"35","author":"Strano","year":"1984","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.6.1549","article-title":"Conservative drug treatment in patients with moderately severe chronic occlusive peripheral arterial disease","volume":"80","author":"Lindgarde","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979704800306","article-title":"A comparison between aspirin and pentoxifylline in relieving claudication due to peripheral vascular disease in the elderly","volume":"48","author":"Ciocon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(82)90642-1","article-title":"Pentoxifylline efficacy in the treatment of intermittent claudication: multicenter controlled double-blind trial with objective assessment of chronic occlusive arterial disease patients","volume":"104","author":"Porter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319789040004010","article-title":"Acenocoumarol and pentoxifylline in intermittent claudication: a controlled clinical study; the APIC study group","volume":"40","author":"Dettori","year":"1989","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1985.tb02759.x","article-title":"Intermittent claudication: a double-blind crossover trial of pentoxifylline","volume":"15","author":"Gallus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/000331978403500605","article-title":"Effects of flunarizine and pentoxifylline on walking distance and blood rheology in claudication","volume":"35","author":"Perhoniemi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib63","first-page":"445","article-title":"A controlled trial of pentoxifylline (Trental 400) in intermittent claudication: clinical, haemostatic and rheological effects","volume":"100","author":"Reilly","year":"1987","journal-title":"NZ Med J"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib64","first-page":"126","article-title":"Treatment of circulatory disturbances with pentoxifylline: a double blind study with Trental","volume":"3","author":"Tonak","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pharmatherapeutica"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-2-135","article-title":"Conservative management of intermittent claudication","volume":"113","author":"Radack","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib66","first-page":"144","article-title":"Peripheral artery disease","volume":"12","author":"Anand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Evid"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.2.602","article-title":"Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"81","author":"Hiatt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.9.2298","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of AS-013, a prostaglandin E1 prodrug, in patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"95","author":"Belch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib69","first-page":"160","article-title":"Efficacy of prostaglandin E1 in the treatment of lower extremity ischemic ulcers secondary to peripheral vascular occlusive disease: results of a prospective randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial","volume":"1","author":"Schuler","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.2.818","article-title":"Intensive vascular training in stage IIb of peripheral arterial occlusive disease: the additive effects of intravenous prostaglandin E1 or intravenous pentoxifylline during training","volume":"90","author":"Scheffler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-5-199903020-00005","article-title":"Prostanoids for chronic critical leg ischemia: a randomized, controlled, open-label trial with prostaglandin E1","volume":"130","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.9.2298","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of AS-013, a prostaglandin E1 prodrug, in patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"95","author":"Belch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib73","first-page":"369","article-title":"Prostacyclin treatment of ischemic ulcers and rest pain in unreconstructible peripheral arterial occlusive disease","volume":"100","author":"Cronenwett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(85)90029-5","article-title":"Prostacyclin for ischemic ulcers in peripheral arterial disease: a random assignment, placebo controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Nizankowski","year":"1985","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91625-2","article-title":"Epoprostenol (prostacyclin) and severe arterial disease: a double-blind study","volume":"1","author":"Belch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.4.426","article-title":"Oral beraprost sodium, a prostaglandin I(2) analogue, for intermittent claudication: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Lievre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00299-7","article-title":"Treatment of intermittent claudication with beraprost sodium, an orally active prostaglandin I2 analogue: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Mohler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.6.1544","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of ketanserin in claudicants: changes in claudication distance and ankle systolic pressure","volume":"80","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)81012-8","article-title":"Fish oil supplementation in patients with stable claudication","volume":"160","author":"Gans","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800670515","article-title":"A controlled trial of naftidrofuryl (Praxilene) in the treatment of intermittent claudication","volume":"67","author":"Clyne","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800680414","article-title":"Naftidrofuryl for ischaemic rest pain: a controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib82","first-page":"27","article-title":"Hemodilution in peripheral arterial occlusive disease: placebo controlled randomized double-blind study with hydroxyethyl starch or dextran","volume":"18","author":"Ernst","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Med Austriaca"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00127.x","article-title":"Haemodilution with medium molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease stage IIb","volume":"227","author":"Kiesewetter","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib84","first-page":"833","article-title":"Arterial embolization: problems of source, multiplicity, recurrence, and delayed treatments","volume":"88","author":"Elliott","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(82)90196-9","article-title":"Arterial embolism: a 44-year perspective","volume":"143","author":"Abbott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61877-6","article-title":"The use of mechanical thrombectomy devices in the management of acute peripheral arterial occlusive disease","volume":"12","author":"Kasirajan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300101014","article-title":"Percutaneous thrombectomy","volume":"12","author":"Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib88","first-page":"207","article-title":"Thrombolysis in the management of limb peripheral arterial occlusion: a consensus document","volume":"81","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib89","first-page":"CD000985","article-title":"Infusion techniques for peripheral arterial thrombolysis","author":"Kessel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61419-5","article-title":"Initial results of reteplase in the treatment of acute lower extremity arterial occlusions","volume":"11","author":"Davidian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61799-0","article-title":"Reteplase in the treatment of peripheral arterial and venous occlusions: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Ouriel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10016-005-8047-2","article-title":"Safety and efficacy for the treatment of acute arterial occlusion: complexity of the underlying lesion predicts outcome","volume":"19","author":"Hanover","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/152660280200900508","article-title":"Initial clinical results of tenecteplase (TNK) in catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy","volume":"9","author":"Razavi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endovasc Ther"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613889","article-title":"Outcome and one year follow-up for intra-arterial staphylokinase in 191 patients with peripheral arterial occlusion","volume":"83","author":"Heymans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(99)70196-X","article-title":"Prourokinase versus urokinase for recanalization of peripheral occlusions, safety and efficacy: the PURPOSE trial","volume":"10","author":"Ouriel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000167863.10122.2A","article-title":"A phase I trial of alfimeprase for peripheral arterial thrombolysis","volume":"16","author":"Ouriel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2213010400","article-title":"Peripheral artery occlusion: treatment with abciximab plus urokinase versus urokinase alone: a randomized pilot trial (the PROMPT study)","volume":"221","author":"Duda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000079981.80153.02","article-title":"Thrombolysis of acute peripheral arterial and venous occlusions with tenecteplase and eptifibatide: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Burkart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RVI.0000116193.44877.0F","article-title":"Reteplase monotherapy and reteplase\/abciximab combination therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease: results from the Relax trial","volume":"15","author":"Ouriel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2393050620","article-title":"Peripheral arteries: treatment with antibodies of platelet receptors and reteplase for thrombolysis: APART trial","volume":"239","author":"Tepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780831","article-title":"Randomized trial of intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and intra-arterial streptokinase in peripheral arterial thrombolysis","volume":"78","author":"Berridge","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.1.2107563","article-title":"Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator versus urokinase in peripheral arterial and graft occusions: a randomized trial","volume":"175","author":"Meyerovitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199409000-00003","article-title":"Results of a prospective randomized trial evaluating surgery versus thrombolysis for ischemia of the lower extremity: the STILE trial","volume":"220","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib104","first-page":"64","article-title":"Comparison of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase in the local infiltration thrombolysis of peripheral arterial occlusions","volume":"23","author":"Schweizer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.1999.0975","article-title":"A systematic review of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy for lower-limb ischaemia","volume":"19","author":"Palfrayman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib106","first-page":"CD002784","article-title":"Surgery versus thrombolysis for acute limb ischaemia: initial management","author":"Berridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(05)80239-7","article-title":"Surgical treatment versus thrombolysis in acute arterial occlusion: a randomized controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Nilsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(94)70214-4","article-title":"A comparison of thrombolytic therapy with operative vascularization in the initial treatment of acute peripheral arterial ischemia","volume":"19","author":"Ouriel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(96)70067-8","article-title":"Surgical revascularization versus thrombolysis for nonembolic lower extremity native artery occlusions: results of a prospective randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"Weaver","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(96)00129-8","article-title":"Results of prospective, randomized trial of surgery versus thrombolysis for occluded lower extremity bypass grafts","volume":"172","author":"Comerota","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(05)80036-9","article-title":"Thrombolysis or peripheral arterial surgery: phase I results","volume":"23","author":"Ouriel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804163381603","article-title":"for the Thrombolysis or Peripheral Arterial Surgery (TOPAS) Investigators. A comparison of recombinant urokinase with vascular surgery as initial treatment for acute arterial occlusion of the legs","volume":"338","author":"Ouriel","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2001.1438","article-title":"Patency following successful thrombolysis of occluded vascular grafts","volume":"22","author":"Galland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.7.961","article-title":"Defining the optimal activated clotting time during percutaneous coronary intervention: aggregate results from 6 randomized, controlled trials","volume":"103","author":"Chew","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(96)80281-4","article-title":"Intraoperative heparinisation, blood loss and myocardial infarction during aortic aneurysm surgery: a joint vascular research group study","volume":"12","author":"Thompson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.01.033","article-title":"Can low molecular weight heparin replace unfractionated heparin during peripheral arterial reconstruction? An open label prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Norgren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34410-1","article-title":"Evaluation of patients at risk for protamine reactions","volume":"98","author":"Levy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(89)90055-4","article-title":"Anaphylactoid reactions to protamine: an often lethal complication in insulin-dependent diabetic patients undergoing vascular surgery","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198904063201402","article-title":"Association of protamine IgE and IgG antibodies with life-threatening reactions to intravenous protamine","volume":"320","author":"Weiss","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(95)70137-0","article-title":"Protamine reversal during peripheral vascular surgery: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Dorman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(97)80082-2","article-title":"Should heparin be reversed after carotid endarterectomy? A randomised prospective trial","volume":"13","author":"Fearn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(05)80218-7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of vein graftfailure: a review","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198312000-00008","article-title":"Aspirin and dipyridamole reduced platelet deposition on prosthetic femoro-popliteal grafts in man","volume":"198","author":"Goldman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(83)80136-2","article-title":"In vivo quantitation of platelet deposition on human peripheral arterial bypass grafts using indium-111-labeled platelets: effect of dipyridamole and aspirin","volume":"51","author":"Pumphrey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197309000-00002","article-title":"Biologic fate ofautogenous vein implants as arterial substitutes: clinical, angiographic and histopathologic observations in femoro-poplitealoperations for atherosclerosis","volume":"178","author":"Szilagy","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(98)70196-X","article-title":"Does dextran 40 improve the early patency of autogenous infrainguinal bypass grafts?","volume":"28","author":"Katz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(84)90007-7","article-title":"The efficacy of dextran 40 in preventing early postoperative thrombosis following difficult lower extremity bypass","volume":"1","author":"Rutherford","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.2001.1332","article-title":"Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus dextran in the prevention of early occlusion following arterial bypass surgery distal to the groin","volume":"21","author":"Logason","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92269-1","article-title":"Low-molecular weight heparin versus aspirin and dipyridamole after femoropopliteal bypass grafting","volume":"344","author":"Edmondson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2004.11.011","article-title":"Effects of three months of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) treatment after bypass surgery for lower limb ischemia: a randomised placebo-controlled double blind multicentre trial","volume":"29","author":"Jivegard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib131","first-page":"CD000536","article-title":"Antithrombotic agents for preventing thrombosis after infrainguinal arterial bypass surgery","author":"Dorffler-Melly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1992.01420090120018","article-title":"A decade of oral anticoagulant treatment to maintain autologous vein grafts for femoropopliteal atherosclerosis","volume":"127","author":"Kretschmer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(06)80065-6","article-title":"Influence on coumarin treatment on patency and limb salvage after peripheral arterial reconstructive surgery","volume":"159","author":"Arfvidsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib134","first-page":"73","article-title":"Medikament\u201dse Rezidivprophilaxe nach fermoro-poplitealer Arterienrekonstruktion","volume":"2","author":"Schneider","year":"1979","journal-title":"Angio"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)07199-8","article-title":"Efficacy of oral anticoagulants compared with aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (the Dutch Bypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomized trial","volume":"355","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.111986","article-title":"Optimal oral anticoagulant intensity to prevent secondary ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients after infrainguinal bypass graft surgery","volume":"33","author":"Tangelder","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.121847","article-title":"Members of theDepartment of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. Benefits, morbidity and mortality associated with long-term administration of oral anticoagulants to patients with peripheral arterial bypass procedures: a prospective randomized study","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib138","series-title":"Thrombosen, embolien und aggregationshemmer in der chirurgie","first-page":"68","article-title":"Klinische Anwendung von Aggregationshemmern bei arterieller Verschlusskrankheit","year":"1997"},{"issue":"19(suppl)","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1_suppl.283S","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease","author":"Jackson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6922.159","article-title":"Maintenance of vascular graft or arterial patency by antiplatelet therapy","volume":"308","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(99)70109-6","article-title":"Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of aspirin and oral anticoagulants in the prevention of graft occlusion and ischemic events after infrainguinal bypass surgery","volume":"30","author":"Tangelder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(91)90022-M","article-title":"Antiplatelet drugs in femoropopliteal vein bypasses: a multicenter trial","volume":"13","author":"McCollum","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/153857448501900405","article-title":"The influence of platelet inhibition on the patency of femoro-popliteal dacron bypass grafts","volume":"19","author":"Donaldson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib144","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Effects of aspirin and dipyridamole on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft patency","volume":"92","author":"Green","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/153857448401800404","article-title":"A prospective randomized study to examine the effect of aspirin plus dipyridamole on the patency of prosthetic femoro-popliteal grafts","volume":"18","author":"Goldman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib146","first-page":"462","article-title":"Effect of aspirin and dipyridamole on the patency of lower extremity bypass grafts","volume":"96","author":"Kohler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(86)90073-X","article-title":"Six-year prospectivemulticenter randomized comparison of autologous saphe- nousvein and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts ininfrainguinal arterial reconstructions","volume":"3","author":"Veith","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(90)90262-9","article-title":"Present status of reversed vein bypass grafting: five-year results of a modern series","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(91)90211-C","article-title":"Prospective randomized multicenter comparison of in situ and reversed vein infrapopliteal bypasses","volume":"13","author":"Wengerter","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib150","first-page":"CD000535","article-title":"Antiplatelet agents for preventing thrombosis after peripheral arterial bypass surgery","author":"Dorffler-Melly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800740406","article-title":"Random control trial of a short course of aspirin and dipyridamole (Persantin) for femorodistal grafts","volume":"74","author":"Clyne","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712113372404","article-title":"for the Etude de la Ticlopidine Appres Pontage Femoro-poplite and the Association Universitaire de Recherche en Chirurgie. Effect of ticlopidine on the long-term patency of saphenous-vein bypass grafts in the legs","volume":"337","author":"Becquemin","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.72.1.138","article-title":"Improved graft patency in patients treated with platelet-inhibiting therapy after coronary bypass surgery","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.5.1526","article-title":"Immediate postoperative aspirin improves vein graft patency early and late after coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"83","author":"Gavaghan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.2.520","article-title":"Starting aspirin therapy after operation","volume":"84","author":"Goldman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90168-O","article-title":"Implications of preoperative administration of aspirin in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"15","author":"Sethi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(98)70130-2","article-title":"Warfarin improves the outcome of infrainguinal vein bypass grafting at high risk for failure","volume":"28","author":"Sarac","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib158","first-page":"CD001487","article-title":"Graft type for femoro-popliteal bypass surgery","author":"Mamode","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800700210","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of PTFE versus human umbilical vein for femoropopliteal bypass surgery: preliminary results","volume":"70","author":"Eickhoff","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(05)80177-X","article-title":"PTFE or HUV for femoro-popliteal bypass: a multi-centre trial","volume":"5","author":"McCollum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(92)90043-8","article-title":"Polytetrafluoroethylene versus human umbilical vein in above-knee femoropoplitealbypass: six-year results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Aalders","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2000.103238","article-title":"Prosthetic above-knee femoropopliteal bypass grafting: five-year results of a randomized trial","volume":"31","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00178.x","article-title":"Graft material and results of platelet inhibitor trials in peripheral arterial reconstructions: reappraisal of results from a meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.4.722","article-title":"Platelet deposition at carotid endarterectomy sites in humans","volume":"18","author":"Stratton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.5.0693","article-title":"Effect of perioperative platelet inhibition on postcarotid endarterectomy mural thrombus formation","volume":"63","author":"Findlay","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.9.4.309","article-title":"Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia: II. Surgical group","volume":"9","author":"Fields","year":"1978","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.10.1211","article-title":"Danish very-low-dose aspirin after carotid endarterectomy trial","volume":"19","author":"Boysen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.8.1125","article-title":"Does low-dose acetylsalicylic acid prevent stroke after carotid surgery? A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"Lindblad","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05388-X","article-title":"Low-dose and high-dose acetylsalicylic acid for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"353","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000121739.05643.E6","article-title":"Beneficial effects of clopidogrel combined with aspirin in reducing cerebral emboli in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy","volume":"109","author":"Payne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(90)90046-D","article-title":"The influence of neutralizing heparin after carotid endarterectomy on postoperative stroke and wound hematoma","volume":"12","author":"Treiman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(84)90451-3","article-title":"Wound hematomas after carotid endarterectomy","volume":"148","author":"Kunkel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(92)90166-6","article-title":"Adverse effects of aspirin in the treatment of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis","volume":"16","author":"Krupski","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(93)90411-E","article-title":"Influence of aspirin in the management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis","volume":"17","author":"Hobson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-9-199511010-00002","article-title":"Lack of effect of aspirin in asymptomatic patients with carotid bruits and substantial carotid narrowing","volume":"123","author":"Cote","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib176","series-title":"Carotid artery surgery: a problem-based approach","first-page":"375","article-title":"When should I reoperate for recurrent carotid stenosis?","author":"Clagett","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib177","first-page":"153","article-title":"Management of carotid restenosis","volume":"47","author":"Lal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1982.01380350016003","article-title":"Carotid artery stenosis following endarterectomy","volume":"117","author":"Zierler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib179","first-page":"313","article-title":"Etiologic factors for recurrent carotid artery stenosis","volume":"93","author":"Clagett","year":"1983","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-9-731","article-title":"Failure of aspirin plus dipyridamole to prevent restenosis after carotid endarterectomy","volume":"116","author":"Harker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"31(suppl)","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib181","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): TransAtlantic Inter-Societal Consensus (TASC)","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67704-5","article-title":"Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Adam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib183","first-page":"2","article-title":"Endovascular management of infrainguinal disease","volume":"13","author":"Lumsden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endovasc Ther"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2006.03.007","article-title":"Drug-eluting stents for infrainguinal occlusive disease: progress and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Tepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012843","article-title":"A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization","volume":"346","author":"Morice","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1053\/ejvs.1999.1039","article-title":"Antithrombotic agents after peripheral transluminal angioplasty: a review of the studies, methods and evidence for their use","volume":"19","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib187","first-page":"CD002071","article-title":"Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs for prevention of restenosis\/reocclusion following peripheral endovascular treatment","author":"Dorffler-Melly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979004100402","article-title":"Reocclusion prophylaxis with dipyridamole combined with acetylsalicylic acid following PTA","volume":"41","author":"Heiss","year":"1990","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(05)80126-4","article-title":"Platelet inhibition with ASA\/dipyridamole after percutaneous balloon angioplasty in patients with symptomatic lower limb arterial disease: a prospective double-blind trial","volume":"8","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"suppl 20","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib190","first-page":"355","article-title":"Zur Rezidivprophylaxe nach perkutaner transluminaler angioplastie (PTA): Antikoagulation versus Ticlopidin","volume":"16","author":"Schneider","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.1.141","article-title":"Nd: Yag laser with sapphire tip combined with balloon angioplasty in peripheral arterial occlusions: long-term results","volume":"83","author":"Pilger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.193.2.7972781","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin combined with dipyridamole versus anticoagulants after femoropopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty","volume":"193","author":"Do","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.07.044","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight heparin for prevention of restenosis after femoropopliteal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Koppensteiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69122-8","article-title":"30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial","volume":"368","author":"Ringleb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061752","article-title":"Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis","volume":"355","author":"Mas","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.17.2041","article-title":"A new pharmacological treatment for intermittent claudication: results of a randomized, multicenter trial","volume":"159","author":"Beebe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.7.678","article-title":"Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication: results from a multicenter, randomized prospective, double-blind trial","volume":"98","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00569-6","article-title":"A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication","volume":"109","author":"Dawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.12.1942","article-title":"Effect of the novel antiplatelet agent cilostazol on plasma lipoproteins in patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"18","author":"Elam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(98)70357-X","article-title":"Effect of cilostazol on walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication caused by peripheral vascular disease","volume":"27","author":"Money","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/153857440203600202","article-title":"Effect of cilostazol in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"36","author":"Strandness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vasc Endovascular Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib202","first-page":"S39","article-title":"Intermittent claudication in diabetics: treatment with exercise and pentoxifylline: a 6-month, controlled, randomized trial","volume":"53","author":"Belcaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970205300101","article-title":"Treatment of severe intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: a 12-month, randomized trial","volume":"53","author":"Cesarone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib204","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Treatment of long-distance intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: a 12-month, randomized trial","volume":"53","author":"DeSanctis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib205","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Treatment of intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: a 12-month, randomized trial walking distance and microcirculation","volume":"53","author":"DeSanctis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib206","first-page":"467","article-title":"Treatment of circulation disorders with pentoxifylline: a double-blind study with Trental","volume":"31","author":"Tonak","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med Monatsschr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib207","first-page":"157","article-title":"A new aspect of the mechanism of action in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: open-label, prospective, randomized trial","volume":"11","author":"Bieron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Angiologica"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-0686_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200222001-00001","article-title":"Propionyl-L-carnitine versus pentoxifylline: improvement in walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication","volume":"22","author":"Strano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Drug Invest"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369208601312?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369208601312?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T15:21:43Z","timestamp":1588778503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369208601312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":208,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369208601312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.08-0686","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}}}