{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:23:18Z","timestamp":1790864598428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,4]],"date-time":"2009-06-04T05:10:13Z","timestamp":1244092213000},"page":"1651-1664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Eduard","family":"Shantsila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory Y.H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beng H.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04334.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management","volume":"121","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00270.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"1","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109661","article-title":"Effect of heparin and heparin fractions on platelet aggregation","volume":"65","author":"Salzman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1983.tb00078.x","article-title":"Normal and low molecular weight heparins: interaction with human platelets","volume":"13","author":"Fabris","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1989.tb00290.x","article-title":"Mechanism of heparin-induced platelet aggregation","volume":"43","author":"Chong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2007.09.036","article-title":"Contemporary standards for the diagnosis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)","volume":"143","author":"Baldwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1986.tb00023.x","article-title":"Platelet pro-aggregating effect of heparin: possible mechanism for non-immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"16","author":"Chong","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1997.tb01667.x","article-title":"The platelet proaggregating and potentiating effects of unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin and heparinoid in intensive care patients and healthy controls","volume":"58","author":"Burgess","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90106-4","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: association of thrombotic complications with heparin-dependent IgG antibody that induces thromboxane synthesis in platelet aggregation","volume":"2","author":"Chong","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322011","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis","volume":"332","author":"Aster","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322003","article-title":"Heparin induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin","volume":"332","author":"Warkentin","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.518563","article-title":"When heparins promote thrombosis: review of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027372901367","article-title":"Mechanisms of venous and arterial thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"10","author":"Walenga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199606)52:2<90::AID-AJH4>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Generation of antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes without thrombocytopenia in patients treated with unfractionated or low-molecular weight heparin","volume":"52","author":"Amiral","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199717050-00005","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis, frequency, avoidance and management","volume":"17","author":"Warkentin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)04349-7","article-title":"Comparison of bovine and porcine heparin in heparin antibody formation after cardiac surgery","volume":"75","author":"Francis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00258-6","article-title":"A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"101","author":"Warkentin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.4.361","article-title":"Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical review","volume":"164","author":"Hirsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-4-535","article-title":"Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia","volume":"100","author":"King","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib20","first-page":"9","article-title":"Clinical presentation of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"35","author":"Warkentin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04363.x","article-title":"Biological and clinical features of low-molecular-weight heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"121","author":"Gruel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00756-2","article-title":"Heparin induced thrombocytopenia and cardiac surgery","volume":"76","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.10.009","article-title":"Incidence of heparin-PF4 complex antibody formation and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in acute coronary syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Matsuo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-005-0850-7","volume":"9","author":"Ohman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.50.1.129","article-title":"Heparin induced thrombocytopenia: a ten-year retrospective","volume":"50","author":"Warkentin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.d01-2056.x","article-title":"Heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: a prospective analysis of the incidence in patients with heart and cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"96","author":"Kappers-Klunne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.4.6.919","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"4","author":"Dager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.65","article-title":"Incidence and prognostic significance of thrombocytopenia in patients treated with prolonged heparin therapy","volume":"168","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0120","article-title":"The financial impact of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"134","author":"Smythe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib30","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an estimate of the average cost in the hospital setting in France","author":"Elalamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib31","first-page":"247","article-title":"Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen","volume":"71","author":"Greinacher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116987","article-title":"Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells","volume":"93","author":"Visentin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.3.916","article-title":"Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis recognize different epitopes on heparin: platelet factor 4","volume":"91","author":"Suh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.9.3250","article-title":"Defining an antigenic epitope on platelet factor 4 associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"92","author":"Ziporen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104263441704","article-title":"Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"344","author":"Warkentin","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1989.tb00258.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets","volume":"73","author":"Chong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1981.tb07261.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: effects of heparin platelet antibody on platelets","volume":"49","author":"Chong","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.1.182","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: new evidence for the dynamic binding of purified anti-PF4-heparin antibodies to platelets and the resulting activation","volume":"96","author":"Newman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/14.2.121","article-title":"Anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia provoke direct activation of microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Blank","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.4.1252","article-title":"Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia stimulate monocytic cells to express tissue factor and secrete interleukin-8","volume":"98","author":"Arepally","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.10.3300","article-title":"Induction of monocyte tissue factor expression by antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 complexes developed in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"97","author":"Pouplard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000374","article-title":"The Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G (Fc \u03b3 RII) on human platelets","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.4.988.988","article-title":"Increased expression of platelet IgG Fc receptors in heparin induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"81","author":"Chong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.407945.x","article-title":"Pathogenicity of IgA and\/or IgM antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"92","author":"Amiral","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.2.410.bloodjournal882410","article-title":"Presence of autoantibodies to interleukin-8 or neutrophil-activating peptide-2 in patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia","volume":"88","author":"Amiral","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.1.37","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: temporal pattern of thrombocytopenia in relation to initial use or reexposure to heparin","volume":"122","author":"Lubenow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05383.x","article-title":"Single amino acid mutation of Fcg receptor predisposes to the development of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"91","author":"Burgess","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1309\/BMW4M8NQBV0TKFRX","article-title":"Platelet PlA2 polymorphism and the risk for thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"129","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-11_Part_1-199812010-00009","article-title":"Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review of published case reports","volume":"129","author":"George","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.5.1363","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in a surgical ICU","volume":"115","author":"Stephan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e3282a167cc","article-title":"Predictors of clinical outcome in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with direct thrombin inhibition","volume":"19","author":"Kelton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0677","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)","volume":"133","author":"Warkentin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2518","article-title":"An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients","volume":"163","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-135-7-200110020-00009","article-title":"Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis","volume":"135","author":"Warkentin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-07-2201","article-title":"The incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hospitalized medical patients treated with subcutaneous unfractionated heparin: a prospective cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Girolami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.72.Suppl_1.S31","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: principles for early recognition and management","volume":"72","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200303133481120","article-title":"Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and cerebral thrombosis after a single administration of unfractionated heparin","volume":"348","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1481.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced skin lesions","volume":"92","author":"Warkentin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-7963(96)80001-0","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: IgG-mediated platelet activation, platelet microparticle generation, and altered procoagulant\/anticoagulant balance in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and venous limb gangrene complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"10","author":"Warkentin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651610","article-title":"The clinical usefulness of the platelet aggregation test for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"69","author":"Chong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/111.5.700","article-title":"Decision analysis for use of platelet aggregation test, carbon 14-serotonin release assay, and heparin-platelet factor 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"111","author":"Pouplard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1994.34594249047.x","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and comparison of platelet aggregation test, heparin-induced platelet activation test, and platelet factor 4\/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"34","author":"Greinacher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V67.1.27.27","article-title":"A diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"67","author":"Sheridan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.2_suppl.9S","article-title":"The pathophysiology of heparin induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"127","author":"Kelton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656329","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies gene-rated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"68","author":"Amiral","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0620","article-title":"Platelet activation induced by human antibodies to interleukin-8","volume":"101","author":"Regnault","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00282.x","article-title":"Does negative heparin-platelet factor 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay effectively exclude heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?","volume":"1","author":"Fohlen-Walter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00750.x","article-title":"High incidence of anti-heparin\/platelet factor 4 antibodies after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery","volume":"101","author":"Trossaert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02617.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activating capacity and clinical significance of antiplatelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes","volume":"5","author":"Greinacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib70","first-page":"148","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"2","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Rep"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00949.x","article-title":"Diagnostic score for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"2","author":"Lillo-Le Lou\u00ebt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283056507","article-title":"Usefulness of pretest clinical score (4Ts) combined with immunoassay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"14","author":"Gruel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2008.04.020","article-title":"A clinical-laboratory approach contributing to a rapid and reliable diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"123","author":"Denys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-06-0401","article-title":"Laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is inconsistent in North America: a survey of North American specialized coagulation laboratories","volume":"98","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390100095022","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia associated with heparin-coated catheters in patients with heparin-associated antiplatelet antibodies","volume":"149","author":"Laster","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0621","article-title":"Lepirudin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with acute isolated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an analysis of 3 prospective studies","volume":"104","author":"Lubenow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.3.846","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thromboembolic complications: meta-analysis of 2 prospective trials to assess the value of parenteral treatment with lepirudin and its therapeutic aPTT range","volume":"96","author":"Greinacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib78","first-page":"69","article-title":"Decreased prevalence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with low-molecular-weight heparin and related drugs","volume":"30","author":"Walenga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.09.002","article-title":"Argatroban: update","volume":"151","author":"Yeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1309\/D79K4YG78NTNYY38","article-title":"Effect of direct thrombin inhibitors, bivalirudin, lepirudin, and argatroban, on prothrombin time and INR values","volume":"121","author":"Gosselin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.15.1849","article-title":"Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"163","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.14.1838","article-title":"Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"103","author":"Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.10276","article-title":"Argatroban anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"57","author":"Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029607303617","article-title":"Argatroban therapy for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in acutely ill patients","volume":"13","author":"Gray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000106678","article-title":"Argatroban therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"109","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.21595","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of argatroban in patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia undergoing endovascular intervention for peripheral arterial disease","volume":"72","author":"Baron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029607309184","article-title":"Management of uremic patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring hemodialysis","volume":"14","author":"Matsuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1051\/ject\/200840130","article-title":"Argatroban in short-term percutaneous ventricular assist subsequent to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"40","author":"Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Extra Corpor Technol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200724060-00005","article-title":"Argatroban anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in elderly patients","volume":"24","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.10.1479","article-title":"Recombinant hirudin in clinical practice: focus on lepirudin","volume":"103","author":"Greinacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000096056.37269.14","article-title":"Anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions associated with lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"108","author":"Greinacher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.6.587","article-title":"Lepirudin (recombinant hirudin) for parenteral anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Heparin-Associated Thrombocytopenia Study (HAT) investigators","volume":"100","author":"Greinacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.1.73","article-title":"Lepirudin provides safe and effective anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study","volume":"99","author":"Greinacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib94","first-page":"617","article-title":"Use of lepirudin during percutaneous vascular interventions in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"15","author":"Cochran","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.5.709","article-title":"Lepirudin anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after cardiac surgery in a pediatric patient","volume":"26","author":"Knoderer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615946","article-title":"A comparison of danaparoid and lepirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"85","author":"Farner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.6.1616","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of danaparoid sodium (ORG 10172) in critically ill patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia","volume":"115","author":"Tardy-Poncet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib98","first-page":"14F","article-title":"Bivalirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention [abstract]","volume":"12","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib99","first-page":"611","article-title":"The anticoagulant therapy with bivalirudin to assist in the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (ATBAT) study","volume":"15","author":"Mahaffey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1K601","article-title":"Bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing cardiovascular surgery","volume":"42","author":"Czosnowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V73.6.1592.1592","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: studies with a new low molecular weight heparinoid, Org 10\u2013172","volume":"73","author":"Chong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-9560-3-14","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an update","volume":"3","author":"Franchini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1616046","article-title":"Prospective randomised open-label comparison of danaparoid with dextran 70 in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia with thrombosis: a clinical outcome study","volume":"86","author":"Chong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.04.011","article-title":"Results of a systematic evaluation of treatment outcomes for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients receiving danaparoid, ancrod, and\/or coumarin explain the rapid shift in clinical practice during the 1990s","volume":"117","author":"Lubenow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-07-0489","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): a report of 1,478 clinical outcomes of patients treated danaparoid (Orgaran) from 1983 to mid-2004","volume":"95","author":"Magnani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-05-1938","article-title":"Anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies in orthopedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin","volume":"106","author":"Warkentin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-04-0252","article-title":"Fondaparinux for the treatment of patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"99","author":"Lobo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-09-0573","article-title":"Fondaparinux-related thrombocytopenia in a previous low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH)-induced heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)","volume":"99","author":"Rota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01822.x","article-title":"Platelet transfusions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-007-0071-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of argatroban with or without glycoprotein IIb\/IIIa inhibitor in patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Cruz-Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.3.428","article-title":"Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with drotrecogin alfa (activated)","volume":"26","author":"Rubeiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.05.080","article-title":"Impact of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia on postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery","volume":"84","author":"Kerendi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.08-2830_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.05.077","article-title":"Impact of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia on outcome in patients with ventricular assist device support: single-institution experience in 358 consecutive patients","volume":"83","author":"Koster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369209603731?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369209603731?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T06:14:49Z","timestamp":1710396889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369209603731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369209603731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.08-2830","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}}}