{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:10:44Z","timestamp":1789445444797,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,7]],"date-time":"2011-06-07T01:55:30Z","timestamp":1307411730000},"page":"1470-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Asthma and COPD"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Kian Fan","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5600","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072682","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases","volume":"298","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.054","article-title":"Kinase inhibitors and airway inflammation","volume":"533","author":"Adcock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-009-0682-z","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids as combination therapy with beta-adrenergic agonists in airways disease: present and future","volume":"65","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00018908","article-title":"Multifaceted mechanisms in COPD: inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair and destruction","volume":"31","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1177","article-title":"Alternative p38 activation pathway mediated by T cell receptor-proximal tyrosine kinases","volume":"6","author":"Salvador","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M207732200","article-title":"p38 isoforms have opposite effects on AP-1-dependent transcription through regulation of c-Jun. The determinant roles of the isoforms in the p38 MAPK signal specificity","volume":"278","author":"Pramanik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31398","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703857200","article-title":"p38alpha antagonizes p38gamma activity through c-Jun-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in regulating Ras transformation and stress response","volume":"282","author":"Qi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9250","article-title":"Identification of stathmin as a novel substrate for p38 delta","volume":"249","author":"Parker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12120.x","article-title":"p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinases on the body surface\u2014a function for p38 delta","volume":"120","author":"Eckert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21158","article-title":"Impact of tobacco-smoke on key signaling pathways in the innate immune response in lung macrophages","volume":"214","author":"Birrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.006","article-title":"Cigarette smoke extract induces cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression via NADPH oxidase, MAPKs, AP-1, and NF-kappaB in human tracheal smooth muscle cells","volume":"46","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L839","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.90570.2008","article-title":"\u03b1,\u03b2-Unsaturated aldehydes contained in cigarette smoke elicit IL-8 release in pulmonary cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases","volume":"296","author":"Moretto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00036707","article-title":"Increased activation of p38 MAPK in COPD","volume":"31","author":"Renda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.090027","article-title":"Relative corticosteroid insensitivity of alveolar macrophages in severe asthma compared with non-severe asthma","volume":"63","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.127092","article-title":"p38alpha-selective mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SD-282 reduces inflammation in a subchronic model of tobacco smoke-induced airway inflammation","volume":"324","author":"Medicherla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706885","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors on cytokine release from human macrophages","volume":"149","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39230-4","article-title":"SB 239063, a potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, reduces inflammatory cytokine production, airways eosinophil infiltration, and persistence","volume":"293","author":"Underwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L895","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.5.L895","article-title":"SB 239063, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, reduces neutrophilia, inflammatory cytokines, MMP-9, and fibrosis in lung","volume":"279","author":"Underwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0122OC","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB-induced granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor release from human alveolar macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Koch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703684","article-title":"p38 MAP kinase and MKK-1 co-operate in the generation of GM-CSF from LPS-stimulated human monocytes by an NF-kappa B-independent mechanism","volume":"131","author":"Meja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00104304","article-title":"Effect of smoking on MAP kinase-induced modulation of IL-8 in human alveolar macrophages","volume":"23","author":"Koch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6973","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.11.6973","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-p38 kinase-activator protein-1 pathway in Raw 264.7 cells","volume":"173","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.01.102","article-title":"The tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1, is involved in bronchial mucin production during oxidative stress","volume":"393","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110715","article-title":"Biologic effects induced in vitro by PM10 from three different zones of Mexico City","volume":"110","author":"Alfaro-Moreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.09.031","article-title":"Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation","volume":"600","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8056","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.8056","article-title":"The role of p38 MAPK in rhinovirus-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production by monocytic-lineage cells","volume":"174","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.01.067","article-title":"Human rhinovirus infection enhances airway epithelial cell production of growth factors involved in airway remodeling","volume":"121","author":"Leigh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01204.x","article-title":"Analysis of gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells upon influenza virus infection and regulation by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase","volume":"13","author":"Hayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80038-2","article-title":"Impaired on\/off regulation of TNF biosynthesis in mice lacking TNF AU-rich elements: implications for joint and gut-associated immunopathologies","volume":"10","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.06.031","article-title":"Importance of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in allergic airway remodelling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness","volume":"544","author":"Nath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1006OC","article-title":"Inhaled p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase antisense oligonucleotide attenuates asthma in mice","volume":"171","author":"Duan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)34942-0","article-title":"SB 203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, enhances constitutive apoptosis of cytokine-deprived human eosinophils","volume":"290","author":"Kankaanranta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0168OC","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces chemotactic and pro-survival effects in eosinophils: implications in allergic inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2198","article-title":"The differential role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in eosinophil functions","volume":"165","author":"Adachi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0289OC","article-title":"Interleukin-3, -5, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced adhesion molecule expression on eosinophils by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-[kappa] B","volume":"29","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2003.00019.x","article-title":"JNK and p38 MAP kinases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells","volume":"192","author":"Rinc\u00f3n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.3837","article-title":"A critical role for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the maturation of human blood-derived dendritic cells induced by lipopolysaccharide, TNF-alpha, and contact sensitizers","volume":"166","author":"Arrighi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1117","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00230.2000","article-title":"Inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase pathway destabilizes smooth muscle length during physiological loading","volume":"282","author":"Lakser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li F, Zhang M, Hussain F, et al. Inhibition of p38-MAPK-dependent bronchial contraction after ozone by corticosteroids. [published online ahead of print August 6, 2010]. Eur Respir J. doi:10.1183\/09031936.00021110","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00021110"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib40","first-page":"L930","article-title":"Phosphorylation of the 27-kDa heat shock protein via p38 MAP kinase and MAPKAP kinase in smooth muscle","volume":"273","author":"Larsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.80.3.383","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced actin reorganization mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase\/heat shock protein 27 pathway in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"80","author":"Huot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20244","article-title":"The role of caldesmon in the regulation of endothelial cytoskeleton and migration","volume":"203","author":"Mirzapoiazova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2002.012","article-title":"Activation of p38 MAP-kinase and caldesmon phosphorylation are essential for urokinase-induced human smooth muscle cell migration","volume":"383","author":"Goncharova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9048(03)00150-2","article-title":"MAPK regulation of gene expression in airway smooth muscle","volume":"137","author":"Gerthoffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15e26.x","article-title":"Airway smooth muscle cells: contributing to and regulating airway mucosal inflammation?","volume":"15","author":"Chung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705971","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways in IL-1 beta-dependent rat airway smooth muscle proliferation","volume":"143","author":"Zhai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.06.023","article-title":"IL-17A augments TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 expression in airway smooth muscle by enhancing mRNA stability","volume":"114","author":"Henness","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0014OC","article-title":"Corticosteroids reduce IL-6 in ASM cells via up-regulation of MKP-1","volume":"39","author":"Quante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.4.2011004","article-title":"Inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases differentially regulate eosinophil-activating cytokine release from human airway smooth muscle","volume":"164","author":"Hallsworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.23.1.4014","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate cytokine gene expression in human airway myocytes","volume":"23","author":"Hedges","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)12290-0","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1, but not TNFR2, mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-6 and RANTES in human airway smooth muscle cells: role of p38 and p42\/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases","volume":"60","author":"Amrani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1283","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00367.2005","article-title":"IL-17A acts via p38 MAPK to increase stability of TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 mRNA in human ASM","volume":"290","author":"Henness","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00045.2007","article-title":"Constitutive and inducible thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"293","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200202114","article-title":"An intracellular signaling hierarchy determines direction of migration in opposing chemotactic gradients","volume":"159","author":"Heit","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17968","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.25.17968","article-title":"C-reactive protein inhibits chemotactic peptide-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and human neutrophil movement","volume":"274","author":"Heuertz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24211","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.34.24211","article-title":"A role for p38(MAPK)\/HSP27 pathway in smooth muscle cell migration","volume":"274","author":"Hedges","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2298","article-title":"Sensitized mast cells migrate toward the antigen: a response regulated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinase","volume":"167","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0808492","article-title":"Crucial implication of protein kinase C (PKC)-delta, PKC-zeta, ERK-1\/2, and p38 MAPK in migration of human asthmatic eosinophils","volume":"85","author":"Langlois","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201380","article-title":"p38 MAP kinase activation by vascular endothelial growth factor mediates actin reorganization and cell migration in human endothelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Rousseau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.14.1481","article-title":"Heat shock protein 27 kDa expression and phosphorylation regulates endothelial cell migration","volume":"12","author":"Piotrowicz","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2006.04.003","article-title":"Protein tyrosine kinase and p38 MAP kinase pathways are involved in stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by TNF-alpha in human monocytes","volume":"106","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2006.02.006","article-title":"CXCL12 and C5a trigger cell migration via a PAK1\/2-p38alpha MAPK-MAPKAP-K2-HSP27 pathway","volume":"18","author":"Rousseau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200204-298OC","article-title":"Impaired inhibition by dexamethasone of cytokine release by alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"167","author":"Culpitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.004","article-title":"Cell-specific activation profile of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1\/2, Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in asthmatic airways","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.122465","article-title":"p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase-induced glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation reduces its activity: role in steroid-insensitive asthma","volume":"109","author":"Irusen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43708","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406568200","article-title":"Inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcriptional activation by p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase","volume":"279","author":"Szatm\u00e1ry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.6.2654","article-title":"A novel action of IL-13: induction of diminished monocyte glucocorticoid receptor-binding affinity","volume":"157","author":"Spahn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001339","article-title":"Interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibits glucocorticoid receptor function","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0528","article-title":"p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a key mediator in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of lymphoid cells: correlation between p38 MAPK activation and site-specific phosphorylation of the human glucocorticoid receptor at serine 211","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"pt 4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0360603","article-title":"Regulation of the RelA (p65) transactivation domain","volume":"36","author":"O'Shea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/ni748","article-title":"p38-Dependent marking of inflammatory genes for increased NF-kappa B recruitment","volume":"3","author":"Saccani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050466","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 2-mediated deacetylation of the glucocorticoid receptor enables NF-kappaB suppression","volume":"203","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200305-659OC","article-title":"Histone acetylase and deacetylase activity in alveolar macrophages and blood mononocytes in asthma","volume":"170","author":"Cos\u00edo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200512-1930OC","article-title":"Relative corticosteroid insensitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in severe asthma","volume":"174","author":"Hew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060336","article-title":"Antiinflammatory effects of dexamethasone are partly dependent on induction of dual specificity phosphatase 1","volume":"203","author":"Abraham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7366","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.7366","article-title":"Corticosteroid inhibition of growth-related oncogene protein-alpha via mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase-1 in airway smooth muscle cells","volume":"178","author":"Issa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6508","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/372739a0","article-title":"A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis","volume":"372","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15434","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535024100","article-title":"An efficient proteomics method to identify the cellular targets of protein kinase inhibitors","volume":"100","author":"Godl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.8.4070","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor during human endotoxemia","volume":"168","author":"Branger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib80","first-page":"1070","article-title":"VX-745. Vertex Pharmaceuticals","volume":"2","author":"Haddad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.11.013","article-title":"Oral p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition with BIRB 796 for active Crohn's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Schreiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24266","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of pamapimod, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, in a double-blind, methotrexate-controlled study of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24485","article-title":"Efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety of VX-702, a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor, in rheumatoid arthritis: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies","volume":"60","author":"Damjanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03319.x","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in airways of patients with severe asthma compared with non-severe asthma","volume":"39","author":"Macedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"5 pt 1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.5.9806170","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma","volume":"160","author":"Jatakanon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009347873","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-681323 on blood biomarkers of inflammation in COPD patients","volume":"50","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"suppl 53","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib87","first-page":"648s","article-title":"Evaluation of an oral p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK inhibitor) SB-681323 in COPD","volume":"34","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6402","DOI":"10.1021\/bi900655f","article-title":"Structural bioinformatics-based prediction of exceptional selectivity of p38 MAP kinase inhibitor PH-797804","volume":"48","author":"Xing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"suppl 54","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib89","first-page":"718s","article-title":"A randomised, placebo controlled trial of 6 weeks' treatment with a novel oral p38 inhibitor in patients with COPD","volume":"36","author":"MacNee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i77","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.119479","article-title":"\u201cGo upstream, young man\u201d: lessons learned from the p38 saga","volume":"69","author":"Hammaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00071309","article-title":"Effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on corticosteroid suppression of cytokine release in severe asthma","volume":"35","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.04.039","article-title":"The p38 MAPK pathway inhibits tristetraprolin-directed decay of interleukin-10 and pro-inflammatory mediator mRNAs in murine macrophages","volume":"583","author":"Tudor","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2006.07.010","article-title":"Feedback control of MKP-1 expression by p38","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.10-1914_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.166173","article-title":"A benzothiophene inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha production and has oral anti-inflammatory efficacy in acute and chronic models of inflammation","volume":"333","author":"Mourey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369211603085?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369211603085?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T06:25:30Z","timestamp":1757917530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369211603085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369211603085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.10-1914","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Asthma and COPD","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.10-1914","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2011 The American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}