{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:11:49Z","timestamp":1774663909871,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]],"date-time":"1993-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":733622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]],"date-time":"1993-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":733622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,7]],"date-time":"2007-11-07T13:28:23Z","timestamp":1194442103000},"page":"1038-1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Energy Balance in Stable Malnourished Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"C. Francis","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"Road","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Scott","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib1","first-page":"376","article-title":"The nutritional status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"124","author":"Hunter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.1.17","article-title":"Nutritional status and lung function in patients with emphysema and chronic bronchitis","volume":"83","author":"Openbrier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.6.1435","article-title":"Body weight in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"139","author":"Wilson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib4","first-page":"556","article-title":"Weight changes in the terminal stages of chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"95","author":"Vandenbergh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib5","first-page":"347","article-title":"Nutrition and the respiratory system: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (NIH Workshop Summary)","volume":"134","author":"Edelman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.52.1.64","article-title":"Effect of body weight and muscularity on human diaphragm muscle mass, thickness and area","volume":"52","author":"Arora","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib7","first-page":"5","article-title":"Respiratory muscle strength and maximal voluntary ventilation in undernourished patients","volume":"126","author":"Arora","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.2.229","article-title":"A comparison between muscle function and body composition in anorexia nervosa: the effect of refeeding","volume":"38","author":"Russell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.1.133","article-title":"Skeletal muscle function during hypocaloric diets and fasting: a comparison with standard nutritional assessment parameters","volume":"37","author":"Russell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.86.4.558","article-title":"The prevalence and determinants of nutritional changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"86","author":"Braun","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.85.6_Supplement.67S","article-title":"Factors affecting nutritional status and the impact of nutritional support in patients with emphysema","volume":"85","author":"Openbrier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.2.222","article-title":"Energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"91","author":"Goldstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.3.636","article-title":"Nitrogen and energy relationships in malnourished patients with emphysema","volume":"138","author":"Goldstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/014860719001400107","article-title":"Metabolic rate and weight loss in chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"1990","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib15","first-page":"9","article-title":"The oxygen cost of breathing in patients with cardiorespiratory disease","volume":"126","author":"Field","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib16","series-title":"The biology of human starvation","author":"Keys","year":"1950"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/44.2.173","article-title":"Energy expenditure in rats with diet-induced obesity","volume":"44","author":"Corbett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib18","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Nutrition and chronic lung disease","volume":"132","author":"Wilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.2.283","article-title":"The effects of refeeding on peripheral and respiratory muscle function in malnourished chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients","volume":"142","author":"Whittaker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03300400028023","article-title":"Respiratory changes induced by the large glucose levels of total parenteral nutrition","volume":"243","author":"Askanazi","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib21","first-page":"960","article-title":"Effects of a large carbohydrate load on walking performance in chronic airflow obstruction","volume":"132","author":"Brown","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198302000-00013","article-title":"Arterial oxygen saturation during meals in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"76","author":"Brown","year":"1983","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","article-title":"New methods for calculating the metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism","volume":"109","author":"Weir","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib24","series-title":"Enteral and tube feeding","first-page":"159","article-title":"The role of the clinical dietician and modified oral diets","author":"Esvelt","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib25","unstructured":"Canadian Nutrient File. Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, 1986"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib26","series-title":"Bowes and Church's food values of portions commonly used","author":"Pennington","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(84)80019-9","article-title":"Measured and predicted resting energy expenditure in clinically stable patients","volume":"3","author":"Feurer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib28","series-title":"Biometric studies of basal metabolism in man","author":"Harris","year":"1919"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607189013002152","article-title":"Nutritional depletion in malnourished patients with emphysema","volume":"13","author":"Otte","year":"1989","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib30","first-page":"933","article-title":"Effects of breathing through external dead space on ventilation at rest and during exercise: II","volume":"122","author":"Sackner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1972.33.2.252","article-title":"Changes in tidal volume, frequency, and ventilation induced by their measurement","volume":"33","author":"Gilbert","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.48.4.577","article-title":"Effects of respiratory apparatus on breathing pattern","volume":"48","author":"Askanazi","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib33","first-page":"800","article-title":"Minute ventilation in asthma: enhancement by mouthpiece and depression by oxygen administration","volume":"128","author":"Freedman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.1.168","article-title":"The Harris-Benedict equation reevaluated: resting energy requirements and the body cell mass","volume":"40","author":"Roza","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.5.777","article-title":"Prediction of 24-h energy expenditure and its components from physical characteristics and body composition in normal weight humans","volume":"52","author":"Astrup","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19920021","article-title":"Thermic effect of a meal: II. Role in chronic undernutrition","volume":"67","author":"Piers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038_bib37","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Amberson lecture: the fate of the chronic bronchitic","volume":"108","author":"Bates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215417891?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215417891?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T07:14:25Z","timestamp":1757920465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369215417891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369215417891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Energy Balance in Stable Malnourished Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.103.4.1038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1993 The American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}