{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:22:27Z","timestamp":1790302947323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,1]],"date-time":"1994-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":757382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,7]],"date-time":"2007-11-07T18:28:23Z","timestamp":1194460103000},"page":"224-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Risk Factors for Early Onset Pneumonia in Trauma Patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Luisa Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Capelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto A.","family":"De Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Rita","family":"D\u2019Errico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gasparetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib1","series-title":"Hospital acquired infections","article-title":"Lower respiratory tract infections","author":"LaForce","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib2","first-page":"479","article-title":"Defense mechanism of the respiratory membrane","volume":"115","author":"Green","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib3","series-title":"Pulmonary diseases and disorders","first-page":"624","article-title":"Immunodefenses of lung.","author":"Daniele","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(85)90429-5","article-title":"Risk of wound infections in trauma patients","volume":"150","author":"Weigelt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib5","first-page":"231","article-title":"Role of phagocitic cells in host defense in relation to trauma: a brief review","volume":"489","author":"Berghem","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92712-5","article-title":"Influence of sedation on mortality in critically ill multiple trauma patients","volume":"1","author":"Ledingham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib7","first-page":"771","article-title":"Acquired immunologic deficiencies after trauma and surgical procedure","volume":"139","author":"Howard","year":"1974","journal-title":"Surg Gynec Obstet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib8","series-title":"Schweiz Ges Intensiv Med Zurich","article-title":"Posttraumatisches\/post-operatives Immunodefektsyndrom: Vortrag Lahres-versannlung","author":"Holch","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib9","series-title":"Principles of bacteriology and immunity","first-page":"402","article-title":"Problems of defective immunity: the dimished immune response","author":"Sleigh","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib10","first-page":"843","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia in the intubated patients: new concepts on pathogenesis and prevention","volume":"3","author":"Craven","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196911202812101","article-title":"Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalized patients: emergence of Gram negative bacilli","volume":"281","author":"Johanson","year":"1969","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib12","first-page":"792","article-title":"Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation","volume":"133","author":"Craven","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198906000-00003","article-title":"Prevention of pneumonia in an intensive care unit: a randomized multicenter clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Mandelli","year":"1989","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144995","article-title":"I.C.U.G.I.C. Epidemiology and risk factors of pneumonia in critically ill patients","volume":"7","author":"Mosconi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.3.523","article-title":"Incidence, risk and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"142","author":"Torres","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03180150059012","article-title":"Rating the severity of tissue damage: the abbreviated injury scale","volume":"215","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale","volume":"2","author":"Teasdale","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/138.3.720","article-title":"An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Murray","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198506000-00012","article-title":"Pattern of infections and mortality on thoracic trauma","volume":"201","author":"Walker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.105.1.224_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198704000-00003","article-title":"The effect of oropharyngeal decontamination using topical nonabsorbable antibiotics on the incidence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients","volume":"27","author":"Stoutenbeck","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Trauma"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215438498?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215438498?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T05:51:59Z","timestamp":1546494719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369215438498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369215438498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.105.1.224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]}}}