{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:23:17Z","timestamp":1762176197987},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,3,1]],"date-time":"1998-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":888710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]],"date-time":"2008-01-22T22:31:17Z","timestamp":1201041077000},"page":"800-808","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Review of Why and How We May Use \u03b2-Blockers in Congestive Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Jules","family":"Constant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.37.10.1022","article-title":"Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy","volume":"37","author":"Waagstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(84)80449-0","article-title":"Oral beta-adrenergic blockade with metoprolol in chronic severe dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Currie","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90881-3","article-title":"Double-blind trial of chronic oral beta blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy","volume":"2","author":"Ikram","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.44.2.117","article-title":"Beneficial effects of long-term beta blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy","volume":"44","author":"Swedberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib5","first-page":"II112","article-title":"Beta blocker therapy in severe heart failure [abstract]","volume":"70","author":"Fowler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.72.3.536","article-title":"Improvement in symptoms and exercise tolerance by metoprolol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"72","author":"Engelmeier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib7","first-page":"II309","article-title":"Metoprolol in dilated cardiomyopathy: long-term follow up [abstract]","volume":"74","author":"Engelmeier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.79.3.483","article-title":"Increased beta-receptor density and improved hemodynamic response to catecholamine stimulation during long-term metoprolol therapy in heart failure from dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"79","author":"Heilbrunn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90882-4","article-title":"Beta blocker therapy in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias in the setting of left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"115","author":"Brodsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92930-R","article-title":"Beneficial effect of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"342","author":"Waagstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib11","first-page":"I","article-title":"Reductions in muscle sympathetic nerve activity after chronic beta-blockade for dilated cardiomyopathy [abstract]","volume":"88","author":"Rahman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90114-7","article-title":"Effect of metoprolol on myocardial function and energetics in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Eichhorn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90185-6","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and beta-adrenoceptor blockade regress established ventricular remodeling in a canine model of discrete myocardial damage","volume":"24","author":"McDonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00543-Y","article-title":"Time course of improvement in left ventricular function, mass and geometry in patients with congestive heart failure treated with beta-adrenergic blockade","volume":"25","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.4.1765","article-title":"A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure","volume":"90","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92010-5","article-title":"Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by beta receptor blockade","volume":"1","author":"Swedberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90396-0","article-title":"A randomized trial of low-dose beta blockade therapy for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib18","first-page":"I","article-title":"Effect of beta blockers in patients with low ejection fraction [abstract]","volume":"92","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605233342101","article-title":"The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure: US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group","volume":"334","author":"Packer","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2807","article-title":"Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure","volume":"94","author":"Bristow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2800","article-title":"Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild heart failure","volume":"94","author":"Colucci","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.71.5.854","article-title":"Are beta-adrenergic-blocking drugs useful in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy?","volume":"71","author":"Alderman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib23","first-page":"521","article-title":"Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"3","author":"Packer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(72)90006-X","article-title":"Prolonged bedrest in idiopathic cardiomyopathy","volume":"52","author":"McDonald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib25","first-page":"853","article-title":"Use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents in congestive heart failure","volume":"9","author":"Krukemyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pharm"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib26","first-page":"II469","article-title":"The beta-adrenergic system supports systolic function but not diastolic compliance in congestive heart failure [abstract]","volume":"84","author":"Haber","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib27","first-page":"I","article-title":"Benefit of beta blockers in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy does not correlate with change in heart rate [abstract]","volume":"90","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.70.1.8","article-title":"Beta blockers and the failing heart: is it time for a U-turn?","volume":"70","author":"Bashir","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.5.1724","article-title":"Comparison of neuroendocrine activity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with or without congestive heart failure (SOLVD)","volume":"82","author":"Francis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib30","first-page":"I","article-title":"Ability of beta blocker to prevent angiotensin II related myocyte necrosis [abstract]","volume":"90","author":"Kabour","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib31","first-page":"455","article-title":"Calcium overload as the determinant factor in the production of catecholamine-induced myocardial lesions","volume":"2","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"1973","journal-title":"Recent Adv Study Cardiac Struct Metab"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.76.5.971","article-title":"Beta-blockade\u2014rational or irrational therapy for congestive heart failure?","volume":"76","author":"Shanes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib33","series-title":"Angiotensin converting inhibitors","first-page":"2","author":"Opie","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib34","first-page":"II469","article-title":"Which component of the beta-adrenergic pathway best reflects the hemodynamic and clinical response to long-term beta blockade in chronic heart failure? [abstract]","volume":"84","author":"Sackner-Bernstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib35","first-page":"II394","article-title":"Anti-beta-receptor antibodies in familial cardiomyopathy [abstract]","volume":"84","author":"Limas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib36","first-page":"I","article-title":"Autoantibodies against G-protein coupled receptors in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy [abstract]","volume":"90","author":"Matsui","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib37","first-page":"94A","article-title":"Inhibition by serum of dihydroal-prenolol binding to cardiac beta-receptors in patients with heart failure [abstract]","volume":"7","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib38","first-page":"II259","article-title":"Chronic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist treatment sensitizes beta 2 adrenoceptor mediated chronotropic responses to isoprenaline in humans [abstract]","volume":"84","author":"Daul","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib39","first-page":"II469","article-title":"Is beta-receptor up-regulation necessary for improved LV function in dilated cardiomyopathy? [abstract]","volume":"94","author":"Gilbert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320370021023","article-title":"A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction: I. Mortality results","volume":"247","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib41","first-page":"I","article-title":"Time course of left ventricular function improvement in patients with congestive heart failure treated with beta-adrenergic blockade [abstract]","volume":"94","author":"Hall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90231-0","article-title":"Sympathetic responsiveness and antihypertensive effect of beta blockade","volume":"64","author":"Distler","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib43","first-page":"I","article-title":"Should worsening heart failure early after initiation of beta-blocker therapy for chronic heart failure preclude long-term treatment? [abstract]","volume":"92","author":"Sackner-Bernstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib44","first-page":"115A","article-title":"Do beta-blocking agents improve left ventricular function in subjects with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy? [abstract]","volume":"21","author":"White","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90641-6","article-title":"Beneficial effects of metoprolol in heart failure associated with coronary artery disease","volume":"23","author":"Fisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib46","first-page":"I","article-title":"Severe left ventricular dysfunction in the setting of myocardial ischemia: beneficial effects of titrating metoprolol dose [abstract]","volume":"90","author":"Maisel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00012-S","article-title":"Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Olsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.2.212","article-title":"Effects of carvedilol, a vasodilator-beta-blocker, in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease","volume":"92","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.6.2426","article-title":"Beta-blockade with bucindolol in heart failure caused by ischemic versus idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"84","author":"Woodley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90230-X","article-title":"Long-term (3-month) effect of a new beta-blocker (nebivolol) on cardiac performance in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Wisenbaugh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib51","first-page":"11","article-title":"Response to beta blockers in dilated cardiomyopathy predicted by myocardial biopsy [abstract]","volume":"74","author":"Valantine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90094-H","article-title":"Which subgroup of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy would benefit from long-term beta-blocker therapy? a histologic viewpoint","volume":"21","author":"Yamada","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib53","first-page":"I","article-title":"Could effectiveness of long term \u03b2-blocker therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy be predicted by signal-averaged electrocardiography? [abstract]","volume":"92","author":"Yamada","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib54","first-page":"341A","article-title":"Which patients with chronic heart failure are most likely to show hemodynamic and functional improvement following long term beta-blockade? [abstract]","volume":"19","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108013250502","article-title":"A comparison of enalapril with hydralizing-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure","volume":"325","author":"Cohn","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00120-9","article-title":"Digoxin reduces cardiac sympathetic activity in severe congestive heart failure","volume":"28","author":"Newton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib57","first-page":"II259","article-title":"Chronic digoxin administration decreased beta-adrenocepter density in right heart failure [abstract]","volume":"84","author":"Naoki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.78.6.1373","article-title":"Reduced lymphocyte stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein in beta-adrenergic receptors in congestive heart failure and reversal with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy","volume":"78","author":"Horn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.6.1390","article-title":"Hemodynamic-inotropic response to beta-blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy","volume":"74","author":"Binkley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90146-5","article-title":"Long-term beta-blocker vasodilator therapy improves cardiac function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a double-blind, randomized study of bucindolol versus placebo","volume":"88","author":"Gilbert","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.89.4.1632","article-title":"Dose-response of chronic beta blocker treatment in heart failure from either idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"89","author":"Bristow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80554-2","article-title":"Hemodynamic and energetic comparison of bucindolol and metoprolol for the treatment of congestive heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Heesch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.3.551","article-title":"Long-term beta-blockade in dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"80","author":"Waagstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib64","first-page":"I","article-title":"Carvedilol, a vascular protective agent, inhibits MAP kinase and cell cycle progression in vascular smooth muscle cells [abstract]","volume":"92","author":"Sung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2817","article-title":"Comparative hemodynamic left ventricular, functional, and antiadrenergic effects of chronic treatment with metoprolol versus carvedilol in the failing heart","volume":"94","author":"Gilbert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060043","article-title":"Metoprolol-induced reduction in post-infarction mortality: pooled results from five double-blind randomized trials","volume":"13","author":"Olsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369216338594?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369216338594?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T10:27:38Z","timestamp":1546338458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369216338594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369216338594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.113.3.800","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,3]]}}}