{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:25:52Z","timestamp":1777429552770,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]],"date-time":"2002-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,13]],"date-time":"2003-06-13T20:09:19Z","timestamp":1055534959000},"page":"1231-1238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Evidence of Chronic Damage to the Pulmonary Microcirculation in Habitual Users of Alkaloidal (\u201cCrack\u201d) Cocaine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Gayle Cocita","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela H.","family":"Shay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Kleerup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"Tashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib1","volume":"Vol I and II","author":"Johnston","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00009","article-title":"Cocaine abuse","volume":"119","author":"Warner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.1.233","article-title":"The pulmonary complications of crack cocaine: a comprehensive review","volume":"107","author":"Haim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib4","first-page":"339","article-title":"Association of asthma and freebase cocaine","volume":"60","author":"Rebhun","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90506-9","article-title":"Cocaine-associated asthma","volume":"88","author":"Rubin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib6","first-page":"511","article-title":"Crack abuse and asthma: a fatal combination","volume":"90","author":"Rao","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Y State J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.1.179","article-title":"Nonfatal pulmonary edema after \u201cfreebase\u201d cocaine smoking","volume":"136","author":"Cucco","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.2.427","article-title":"Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage temporally related to cocaine smoking","volume":"93","author":"Murray","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/136.5.1250","article-title":"Crack lung: pulmonary disease caused by cocaine abuse","volume":"136","author":"Kissner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.6.478","article-title":"Cocaine induced eosinophilic lung diseases","volume":"47","author":"Oh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.4.1155","article-title":"Interstitial pneumonitis associated with \u201ccrack\u201d cocaine abuse","volume":"100","author":"O'Donnell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-2-186","article-title":"Free-base cocaine use associated with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia","volume":"107","author":"Patel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.2.462","article-title":"Crack lung: an acute pulmonary syndrome with a spectrum of clinical and histopathological findings","volume":"142","author":"Forrester","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.96.5.1050","article-title":"Pulmonary artery medial hypertrophy in cocaine users without foreign particle microembolization","volume":"96","author":"Murray","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(94)90279-8","article-title":"Pulmonary histopathology in cocaine abusers","volume":"25","author":"Bailey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.86.3.409","article-title":"Time course of hemosiderin production and clearance by human pulmonary macrophages","volume":"86","author":"Sherman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.1.92","article-title":"Pulmonary status of habitual cocaine smokers","volume":"145","author":"Tashkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1984.04400020107016","article-title":"Pulmonary dysfunction in \u201cfreebase\u201d cocaine users","volume":"144","author":"Itkonen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.8.1110","article-title":"Pulmonary dysfunction in cocaine smokers","volume":"138","author":"Weiss","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib20","first-page":"A488","article-title":"Pulmonary function in male freebase cocaine smokers [abstract]","volume":"137","author":"Suhl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.92.4.638","article-title":"Respiratory effects of cocaine \u201cfreebasing\u201d among habitual users of marijuana with or without tobacco","volume":"92","author":"Tashkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib22","first-page":"A489","article-title":"Pulmonary function in heavy users of \u2018freebase\u2019 cocaine. [abstract]","volume":"137","author":"Dean","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.319","article-title":"Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana and\/or tobacco","volume":"112","author":"Fligiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.9704146","article-title":"Habitual smoking of marijuana and cocaine impairs alveolar macrophage function and cytokine production","volume":"156","author":"Baldwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6363(95)00168-9","article-title":"Cocaine-stimulated endothelin-1 release is decreased by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cultured endothelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Hendricks-Munoz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.5.385","article-title":"Cocaine increases the endothelial release of immunoreactive endothelin and its concentrations in human plasma and urine: reversal by coincubation with \u03b1-receptor antagonists","volume":"98","author":"Wilbert-Lampen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663792","article-title":"Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update","volume":"152","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520796","article-title":"Single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (transfer factor): recommendations for a standard technique; 1995 update","volume":"152","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.6.1271","article-title":"Differential examination of bronchoalveolar lavage cells in tobacco cigarette and marijuana smokers","volume":"135","author":"Barbers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib30","first-page":"659","article-title":"Reference spirometric values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommendations","volume":"123","author":"Crapo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib31","first-page":"720","article-title":"Single-breath diffusing capacity in a representative sample of the population of Michigan, a large industrial state","volume":"127","author":"Miller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-10-843_1","article-title":"Cocaine, pulmonary hemorrhage and hemoptysis","volume":"110","author":"Godwin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib33","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Hemorragie alveolaire apres inhalation de cocaine","volume":"21","author":"Bouchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"La Presse Medicale"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.3.698","article-title":"Acute activation of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils following in vivo administration of cocaine: a potential etiology for pulmonary injury","volume":"111","author":"Baldwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0600507","article-title":"Serial estimations of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in intrapulmonary haemorrhage","volume":"60","author":"Greening","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.2_suppl.10S","article-title":"Mechanisms in COPD","volume":"117","author":"Barnes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.1.6","article-title":"Rapidly reversible alterations of pulmonary epithelial permeability induced by smoking","volume":"83","author":"Mason","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6271.1183","article-title":"Rapid improvement in abnormal pulmonary epithelial permeability after stopping cigarettes","volume":"282","author":"Minty","year":"1981","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.4.903","article-title":"Increased lung permeability following long-term use of free-base cocaine (crack)","volume":"100","author":"Susskind","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.327","article-title":"Effects of \u201ccrack\u201d cocaine on pulmonary alveolar permeability","volume":"112","author":"Tashkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.4.1072","article-title":"NIDA Conference Report: Cardiopulmonary complications of \u201ccrack\u201d cocaine use: clinical manifestations and pathophysiology","volume":"110","author":"Thadani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.83.6.688","article-title":"Cocaine activates platelets and increases the formation of circulating platelet containing microaggregates in humans","volume":"83","author":"Heesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90080-H","article-title":"Pulmonary infarction associated with crack cocaine use in a previously healthy 23-year-old woman","volume":"91","author":"Delaney","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib44","first-page":"A717","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in female crack users [abstract]","volume":"145","author":"Russell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.1.30","article-title":"Acute effects of intravenous cocaine on pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac index in habitual crack users","volume":"111","author":"Kleerup","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215343051?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215343051?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T16:56:43Z","timestamp":1553101003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369215343051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369215343051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.121.4.1231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}}}