{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:15:48Z","timestamp":1772626548208,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1033430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,14]],"date-time":"2003-06-14T00:09:19Z","timestamp":1055549359000},"page":"1389-1399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Significance of Distal Bronchial Samples with Commensals in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Olivier","family":"Lambotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Franc\u00b8ois","family":"Timsit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00efte\u00b4","family":"Garrouste-Orgeas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Misset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Benali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Carlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.106.1.221","article-title":"Causes of fever and pulmonary densities in patients with clinical manifestations of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"106","author":"Meduri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, JJ, Meduri, GU New approaches in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Med Clin North Am, 78(5),1091-1122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30122-5"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199911000-00037","article-title":"Protected specimen brush or bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"de Jaeger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(96)90025-0","article-title":"How to classify infections in intensive care units: the carrier state, a criterion whose time has come?","volume":"33","author":"Van Saene","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.21.1.1-3.1985","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia caused by a glucose-metabolizing strain of Neisseria cinerea","volume":"21","author":"Boyce","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.2.213","article-title":"The pathogenic potential of commensal species of Neisseria","volume":"36","author":"Johnson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.5_suppl_1.293S","article-title":"The role of Haemophilus parainfluenzae in COPD","volume":"117","author":"Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.1.117","article-title":"Update on clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"7","author":"Kloos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03300500041027","article-title":"Viridans streptococcal pulmonary parenchymal infections","volume":"243","author":"Pratter","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib10","first-page":"38","article-title":"Bacteremic community-acquired pneumonia due to viridans group streptococci","volume":"16","author":"Marrie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N3","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200004001-00002","article-title":"Cytokine signaling: regulation of the immune response in normal and critically ill states","volume":"28","author":"Oberholzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01707417","article-title":"The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: II. The lower respiratory tract","volume":"21","author":"Meduri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.2.445","article-title":"The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a comparison of histologic, microbiologic, and clinical criteria","volume":"112","author":"Kirtland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.4.1059","article-title":"Nosocomial bronchopneumonia in the critically ill","volume":"146","author":"Rouby","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.1.138","article-title":"Diagnostic efficiency of endotracheal aspirates with quantitative bacterial cultures in intubated patients with suspected pneumonia","volume":"148","author":"Marquette","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510160083034","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"270","author":"Kollef","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-8-200004180-00004","article-title":"Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"132","author":"Fagon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.1.9607030","article-title":"The value of routine microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"156","author":"Rello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.6.9610069","article-title":"Epidemiology of ventilator-acquired pneumonia based on protected bronchoscopic sampling","volume":"158","author":"George","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.9705064","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"157","author":"Trouillet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.1.8542141","article-title":"Pneumonia in intubated trauma patients","volume":"153","author":"Baker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib22","first-page":"1711","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventative strategies, a consensus statement","volume":"153","author":"Campbell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2_Supplement.1S","article-title":"Epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"108","author":"Craven","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib24","series-title":"100 recommandations pour la surveillance et la pr\u00e9vention des infections nosocomiales: BEH","author":"Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur d'Hygi\u00e9ne Publique de France","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.5_Pt_1.1121","article-title":"Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic \u201cblind\u201d bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"143","author":"Pugin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.6.1632","article-title":"Reappraisal of distal diagnostic testing in the diagnosis of ICU-acquired pneumonia","volume":"108","author":"Timsit","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540100046027","article-title":"The logistic organ dysfunction system","volume":"276","author":"Le Gall","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.2.8306025","article-title":"Validation of different techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"149","author":"Torres","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520766","article-title":"Bronchoscopic or blind sampling techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"152","author":"Papazian","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.5.985","article-title":"Use of immunoglobulins in prevention and treatment of infection in critically ill patients: review and critique","volume":"13","author":"Zanetti","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.5.1612","article-title":"Inhibition of the defense system stimulating interleukin-12 interferon-\u03b3 pathway during critical illness","volume":"89","author":"Ertel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2000.104306","article-title":"Decreased response to recall antigens is associated with depressed costimulatory receptor expression in septic critically ill patients","volume":"135","author":"Manjuck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01705418","article-title":"The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: I. Mechanisms of bacterial transcolonization and airway inoculation","volume":"21","author":"Estes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00800-5","article-title":"The impact of tracheal intubation on host defenses and risks for nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Levine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.1.392","article-title":"IL-10 is a major mediator of sepsis-induced impairment in lung antibacterial host defense","volume":"162","author":"Steinhauser","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199904000-00003","article-title":"From mega to more reasonable doses of corticosteroids: a decade to recreate hope","volume":"27","author":"Carlet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-3-199502010-00004","article-title":"Continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"122","author":"Valles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.6.1140","article-title":"Branhamella catarrhalis respiratory infections","volume":"9","author":"Hager","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(89)90011-X","article-title":"Nosocomial Branhamella catarrhalis in a paediatric intensive care unit: risk factors for disease","volume":"13","author":"Cook","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/64.4.534","article-title":"Postpneumonectomy empyema due to Neisseria mucosa","volume":"64","author":"Thorsteinsson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.14.4.581","article-title":"Effect of antibiotics on protease production by a viridans streptococcus","volume":"14","author":"Strauss","year":"1978","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.4.952","article-title":"Specificity of endotracheal aspiration, protected specimen brush, and bronchoalveolar lavage in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"147","author":"Torres","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.1.7599829","article-title":"Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"152","author":"Chastre","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90060-3","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay","volume":"94","author":"Fagon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1086\/598657","article-title":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus as an unusual agent of nosocomial pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"Hell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01691498","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus cohnii in an HIV-infected patient: case report and review","volume":"14","author":"Mastroianni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215378120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215378120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T12:00:42Z","timestamp":1682510442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369215378120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369215378120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.122.4.1389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]}}}