{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:30:24Z","timestamp":1780396224006,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T07:27:07Z","timestamp":1427441227000},"page":"274-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Common Congenital Anomalies of the Central Airways in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Atul C.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tany","family":"Thaniyavarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ghobrial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danai","family":"Khemasuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.5.1693","article-title":"Interventional pulmonary procedures: guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians","volume":"123","author":"Ernst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20667","article-title":"Tracheobronchial variations in Turkish population","volume":"21","author":"Beder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130007900813","article-title":"Adult laryngeal hemangioma: report of four cases","volume":"79","author":"Lomeo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-192406000-00001","article-title":"Hemangioma of the larynx","volume":"34","author":"Kramer","year":"1924","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289203101211","article-title":"Late presentation of a subglottic hemangioma masquerading as asthma","volume":"31","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(02)00072-1","article-title":"A review of the current management of infantile subglottic haemangioma, including a comparison of CO(2) laser therapy versus tracheostomy","volume":"64","author":"Chatrath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1997.03890480119022","article-title":"Which hemangiomas to treat\u2014and how?","volume":"133","author":"Frieden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(97)70183-X","article-title":"Guidelines of care for hemangiomas of infancy","volume":"37","author":"Frieden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.1.g01ja06105","article-title":"Congenital bronchial abnormalities revisited","volume":"21","author":"Ghaye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2002.122703","article-title":"Tracheal bronchus: classification, endoscopic analysis, and airway management","volume":"126","author":"Doolittle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10164","article-title":"Airway obstruction in children with congenital heart disease: assessment by flexible bronchoscopy","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10332","article-title":"Airway anomalies in children with Down syndrome: endoscopic findings","volume":"36","author":"Bertrand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.18310","article-title":"Airway anomalies in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"35","author":"Nose","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-002-1109-3","article-title":"Tracheal bronchus associated with VACTERL","volume":"162","author":"Kairamkonda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/76.4.573","article-title":"Airway management for patients with a tracheal bronchus","volume":"76","author":"Ikeno","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib16","first-page":"286","article-title":"Diagnosis of tracheal bronchus in children","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.2.537","article-title":"Tracheal bronchus: a cause of prolonged atelectasis in intubated children","volume":"113","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0b013e31826ba8f2","article-title":"Lung cancer in \u201ctrue tracheal bronchus\u201d: a rare coincidence","volume":"19","author":"Sindhwani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022798","article-title":"Case report: Endotracheal tube malposition in a patient with a tracheal bronchus","volume":"53","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0703500219","article-title":"Right upper lobe collapse secondary to an anomalous bronchus after endotracheal intubation for routine surgery","volume":"35","author":"Critchley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(92)91030-D","article-title":"Double-lung transplantation using donor lungs with a right tracheal bronchus","volume":"54","author":"Brichon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"5 pt 1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948008900504","article-title":"Congenital tracheal diverticulum. A case report","volume":"89","author":"Frenkiel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2002.126478","article-title":"Congenital tracheal diverticulum","volume":"127","author":"Early","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2006.10.024","article-title":"Management of symptomatic tracheal pouches","volume":"71","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199209000-00026","article-title":"Ventilation difficulty secondary to a tracheal diverticulum","volume":"77","author":"Dinner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949810700418","article-title":"Tracheal diverticulum presenting with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis","volume":"107","author":"Caversaccio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-199701000-00005","article-title":"Paratracheal air cysts communicating with the trachea: CT findings","volume":"12","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-006-0010-7","article-title":"Tracheal diverticulum: a review of the literature","volume":"184","author":"Soto-Hurtado","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2012.08.013","article-title":"A case of acquired tracheal diverticulum presenting with globus pharyngeus","volume":"34","author":"Koudounarakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib30","first-page":"315","article-title":"Tracheal diverticulum: a rare cause and consequence of chronic cough","volume":"160","author":"Infante","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.173.1.10397101","article-title":"Right paratracheal air cysts in the thoracic inlet: clinical and radiologic significance","volume":"173","author":"Goo","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1058","article-title":"Paratracheal air cysts: a common finding on routine CT examinations of the cervical spine and neck that may mimic pneumomediastinum in patients with traumatic injuries","volume":"29","author":"Buterbaugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0b013e318205990b","article-title":"Tracheal diverticulum","volume":"18","author":"Rojas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100143993","article-title":"Adult tracheocele with large cervical presentation","volume":"113","author":"Mathur","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2000.01664-18.x","article-title":"Difficult tracheal intubation secondary to a tracheal diverticulum and a 90 degree deviation in the trachea","volume":"55","author":"Davies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07071376","article-title":"Tracheocele: a rare cause of difficult endotracheal intubation and subsequent pneumomediastinum","volume":"7","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.6.1784","article-title":"Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in an adult","volume":"114","author":"Deb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.6.743","article-title":"The epidemiology of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia in Europe","volume":"68","author":"Depaepe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib39","first-page":"910","article-title":"Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula","volume":"59","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.20.3.226","article-title":"Oesophago-bronchial fistula in the adult","volume":"20","author":"Braimbridge","year":"1965","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(90)90274-A","article-title":"Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula","volume":"49","author":"Risher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.10.054","article-title":"Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in an adult woman","volume":"131","author":"Aguil\u00f3","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1995.01430050052008","article-title":"Analysis of morbidity and mortality in 227 cases of esophageal atresia and\/or tracheoesophageal fistula over two decades","volume":"130","author":"Engum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)34791-9","article-title":"Congenital respiratory-esophageal fistula in the adult. Report of nine cases and review of the literature","volume":"104","author":"Azoulay","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(95)00326-6","article-title":"Congenital bronchoesophageal fistulas in adult patients","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)00957-9","article-title":"Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in the adult","volume":"59","author":"R\u00e4m\u00f6","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.66.2.201","article-title":"Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula in the adult","volume":"66","author":"Bekoe","year":"1974","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/01.laboratory.0000166643.32342.72","article-title":"Tracheoesophageal fistula: an unusual presentation of upper airway obstruction","volume":"12","author":"Gildea","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bronchol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.69.1.110","article-title":"Congenital esophagobronchial fistula in a 62-year-old woman","volume":"69","author":"Becker","year":"1976","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)04898-1","article-title":"Repair of a recurrent benign tracheoesophageal fistula with a Gore-Tex membrane","volume":"76","author":"Bardini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezt069","article-title":"Early and late outcome after surgical treatment of acquired non-malignant tracheo-oesophageal fistulae","volume":"43","author":"Marulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.10.061","article-title":"Utility of removable esophageal covered self-expanding metal stents for leak and fistula management","volume":"89","author":"Blackmon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1177\/000348946707600402","article-title":"Congenital webs, cysts, laryngoceles and other anomalies of the larynx","volume":"76","author":"Holinger","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rti.0000213563.33044.70","article-title":"CT diagnosis of complete tracheal rings in an adult","volume":"22","author":"Boiselle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01279-5","article-title":"Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: vascular rings, tracheal stenosis, pectus excavatum","volume":"69","author":"Backer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2006.10.001","article-title":"Congenital tracheal anomalies","volume":"40","author":"Sandu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198808000-00024","article-title":"Difficulty in endotracheal intubation due to congenital tracheal stenosis: a case report","volume":"69","author":"Esener","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198701000-00019","article-title":"Failure of double-lumen endobronchial tube placement: congenital tracheal stenosis in an adult","volume":"66","author":"Saito","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3950\/jibiinkoka.102.1258","article-title":"An adult case of asymptomatic congenital tracheal stenosis [in Japanese]","volume":"102","author":"Shiga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib60","first-page":"673","article-title":"An adult case of asymptomatic congenital tracheal stenosis [in Japanese]","volume":"43","author":"Yokomura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi"},{"issue":"9623","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60657-1","article-title":"Congenital tracheal stenosis and an anomalous origin of the right upper lobe bronchus","volume":"371","author":"Numasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.119068","article-title":"Management of congenital tracheal stenosis by means of slide tracheoplasty or resection and reconstruction, with long-term follow-up of growth after slide tracheoplasty","volume":"123","author":"Grillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(98)00100-1","article-title":"The near complete tracheal ring deformity","volume":"45","author":"Faust","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lab.0000186341.62154.9a","article-title":"When you see a sling, look for a ring!","volume":"12","author":"Farha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bronchol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(80)80009-1","article-title":"Endoscopy in congenital tracheal anomalies","volume":"15","author":"Benjamin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02388158","article-title":"Congenital tracheal stenosis: role of CT and high kV films","volume":"17","author":"Hernandez","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(03)00495-0","article-title":"Patterns of management of congenital tracheal stenosis","volume":"38","author":"Ant\u00f3n-Pacheco","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)40754-X","article-title":"Effect of tension on tracheal growth after resection and anastomosis in puppies","volume":"65","author":"Maeda","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1994.01880360059011","article-title":"Tracheoplasty for congenital complete tracheal rings","volume":"120","author":"Andrews","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(94)90714-5","article-title":"Slide tracheoplasty for long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis","volume":"58","author":"Grillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2009.09.040","article-title":"Anterior pericardial tracheoplasty for long-segment tracheal stenosis: long-term outcomes","volume":"139","author":"Fanous","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2013.03.002","article-title":"Pediatric interventional bronchoscopy","volume":"34","author":"Donato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.4.1136","article-title":"Bronchoscopic balloon dilatation in the combined management of postintubation stenosis of the trachea in adults","volume":"112","author":"Noppen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2013.09.003","article-title":"Tracheomalacia","volume":"24","author":"Kugler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorac Surg Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2708","article-title":"Airway stabilization with silicone stents for treating adult tracheobronchomalacia: a prospective observational study","volume":"132","author":"Ernst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-2164","article-title":"Comparison of dynamic expiratory CT with malacia: a pilot evaluation","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.172.3.10063872","article-title":"Variant bronchial anatomy: CT appearance and classification","volume":"172","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.90.5.763","article-title":"Imaging of the axillary subsegment of the right upper lobe","volume":"90","author":"MacGregor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0366-0850(42)80004-6","article-title":"The anatomy of the bronchial tree","volume":"36","author":"Foster-Carter","year":"1942","journal-title":"Br J Tuberc"},{"issue":"4622","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4622.309","article-title":"Broncho-pulmonary segments of the lung and their terminology","volume":"2","author":"Hardie-Neil","year":"1949","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000062","article-title":"Quadrivial pattern of division in the right upper lobe: the axillary bronchus","volume":"21","author":"Conci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050625","article-title":"Accessory cardiac bronchus: 3D CT demonstration in nine cases","volume":"9","author":"Ghaye","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.2.8210391","article-title":"Accessory cardiac bronchus: CT features and clinical significance","volume":"189","author":"McGuinness","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/00128594-200210000-00011","article-title":"Accessory cardiac bronchus","volume":"9","author":"Saad","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bronchol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-936X(88)90070-7","article-title":"Accessory cardiac bronchus: demonstration by computed tomography","volume":"12","author":"Sotile","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comput Tomogr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198307000-00038","article-title":"Middle lobe syndrome due to accessory cardiac bronchus","volume":"76","author":"Daskalakis","year":"1983","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(02)00431-1","article-title":"Cardiac bronchus: a rare cause of hemoptysis","volume":"22","author":"Bentala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01200-X","article-title":"Symptomatic accessory cardiac bronchus","volume":"69","author":"Endo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00128594-200007040-00008","article-title":"Trifurcation of the left main bronchus","volume":"7","author":"Doshi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bronchol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01200","article-title":"Puzzling bronchial trifurcation","volume":"56","author":"Boonsarngsuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4997\/JRCPE.2012.205","article-title":"Right-sided bronchial isomerism diagnosed in adulthood","volume":"42","author":"Leitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Edinb"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000086","article-title":"Trifurcation: an unusual variant of the left main stem bronchus","volume":"21","author":"Khemasuwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.24.1.96","article-title":"Mucocele of the lung due to congenital obstruction of a segmental bronchus; a case report; relationship to congenital cystic disease of the lung and to congenital bronchiectasis","volume":"24","author":"Ramsay","year":"1953","journal-title":"Dis Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-8586(03)70004-3","article-title":"New concepts in the pathology of congenital lung malformations","volume":"12","author":"Langston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.295085239","article-title":"Bronchial atresia","volume":"29","author":"Gipson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v2.i7.237","article-title":"Modern imaging of the tracheo-bronchial tree","volume":"2","author":"Laroia","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3690","article-title":"Congenital bronchial atresia: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-2-17","article-title":"Congenital bronchial atresia presenting as a cavitary lesion on chest radiography: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Psathakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cases J"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib99","series-title":"Radiologic Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest","first-page":"125","article-title":"Developmental and hereditary lung disease","author":"Muller","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.10.082","article-title":"Bronchial atresia: the hidden pathology within a spectrum of prenatally diagnosed lung masses","volume":"41","author":"Kunisaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib101","first-page":"28","article-title":"The prevalence of congenital bronchial atresia in males","volume":"61","author":"Psathakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196806272782602","article-title":"Congenital bronchopulmonary-foregut malformation. Pulmonary sequestration communicating with the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"278","author":"Gerle","year":"1968","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)36931-4","article-title":"Congenital bronchopulmonary malformations. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"99","author":"Bailey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1812-5","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: embryology, radiology and quandary","volume":"13","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-007-0170-2","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation in an adult","volume":"55","author":"Yutaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(05)80103-4","article-title":"Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: classification and embryogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Srikanth","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.34.1.96","article-title":"Lung sequestration: report of seven cases and review of 540 published cases","volume":"34","author":"Savic","year":"1979","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850701673391","article-title":"Esophageal bronchus: case report and review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Verma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib109","first-page":"707","article-title":"Bridging bronchus in adult","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-1788_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-110","article-title":"Bridging bronchus\u2014a rare cause of recurrent wheezy bronchitis","volume":"12","author":"Schnabel","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215500445?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215500445?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T07:23:37Z","timestamp":1757921017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369215500445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369215500445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.14-1788","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Common Congenital Anomalies of the Central Airways in Adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.14-1788","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.video1.14-1788","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 The American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}