{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:40:44Z","timestamp":1778704844306,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T09:30:43Z","timestamp":1430991043000},"page":"313-320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Unraveling the Pathophysiology of the Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Arthur F.","family":"Gelb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric K.","family":"Verbeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay A.","family":"Nadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.1.59","article-title":"Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study","volume":"126","author":"Silva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.010","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma: recent advances","volume":"131","author":"Carolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2014.879826","article-title":"The potential to predict the course of childhood asthma","volume":"8","author":"Belsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204815","article-title":"The association between childhood asthma and adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"69","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205401","article-title":"The early origins of COPD in severe asthma: the one thing that leads to another or the two things that come together?","volume":"69","author":"Mattes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206740","article-title":"Asthma-COPD overlap 2015: now we are six","volume":"70","author":"Gibson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203602","article-title":"Moving from the Oslerian paradigm to the post-genomic era: are asthma and COPD outdated terms?","volume":"69","author":"Vanfleteren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1458OC","article-title":"Asthma-COPD Overlap. Clinical relevance of genomic signatures of type 2 inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"191","author":"Christenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.06.035","article-title":"Biological clustering supports both \u201cDutch\u201d and \u201cBritish\u201d hypotheses of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"135","author":"Ghebre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib10","author":"Global Initiative for Asthma and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.11.042","article-title":"Unsupervised phenotyping of Severe Asthma Research Program participants using expanded lung data","volume":"133","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1754OC","article-title":"Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes","volume":"178","author":"Haldar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.008","article-title":"Asthma phenotyping: TH2-high, TH2-low, and beyond","volume":"133","author":"Sterk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.038","article-title":"Prognostic value of cluster analysis of severe asthma phenotypes","volume":"134","author":"Bourdin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00001914","article-title":"Common genes underlying asthma and COPD? Genome-wide analysis on the Dutch hypothesis","volume":"44","author":"Smolonska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.23.4.433","article-title":"Elastic recoil of the lungs in chronic asthmatic patients before and after therapy","volume":"23","author":"Gold","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib17","first-page":"788","article-title":"The static elastic properties of the lungs in asthma","volume":"98","author":"Woolcock","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1969.27.4.452","article-title":"Serial studies of factors influencing airway dynamics during recovery from acute asthma attacks","volume":"27","author":"McFadden","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.1.79","article-title":"Changes in total lung capacity during acute spontaneous asthma","volume":"142","author":"Blackie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1973.34.2.143","article-title":"Pulmonary conductance and elastic recoil relationships in asthma and emphysema","volume":"34","author":"Colebatch","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90165-0","article-title":"The mechanism of increase in total lung capacity during acute asthma","volume":"61","author":"Peress","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.6.974","article-title":"Changes in lung mechanics during asthma induced by exercise.","volume":"38","author":"Freedman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1974.37.3.297","article-title":"Lung mechanics in antigen-induced asthma","volume":"37","author":"Mansell","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.49.5.869","article-title":"Tonic inspiratory muscle activity as a cause of hyperinflation in histamine-induced asthma","volume":"49","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.5.2001037","article-title":"Unsuspected pseudophysiologic emphysema in chronic persistent asthma","volume":"162","author":"Gelb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3.715","article-title":"Unsuspected loss of lung elastic recoil in chronic persistent asthma","volume":"121","author":"Gelb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-3692(15)31289-7","article-title":"Risk factors for near-fatal asthma","volume":"126","author":"Gelb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.35.4.298","article-title":"Lung elastic recoil and reduced airflow in clinically stable asthma","volume":"35","author":"McCarthy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.6.1726","article-title":"Improvements in distal lung function correlate with asthma symptoms after treatment with oral montelukast.","volume":"130","author":"Kraft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.1.95","article-title":"Significance of the relationship between lung recoil and maximum expiratory flow","volume":"22","author":"Mead","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.2.353","article-title":"Contribution of emphysema and small airways in COPD","volume":"109","author":"Gelb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(70)80035-1","article-title":"A comparison of three methods of measuring emphysema","volume":"1","author":"Thurlbeck","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-0049","article-title":"A multivariate analysis of risk factors for the air-trapping asthmatic phenotype as measured by quantitative CT analysis","volume":"135","author":"Busacker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112455","article-title":"Measurement of CT lung density in patients with chronic asthma","volume":"10","author":"Biernacki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2431060194","article-title":"Pulmonary emphysema: radiation dose and section thickness at multidetector CT quantification\u2014comparison with macroscopic and microscopic morphometry","volume":"243","author":"Madani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.045","article-title":"Unsuspected mild emphysema in nonsmoking patients with chronic asthma with persistent airway obstruction","volume":"133","author":"Gelb","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00202013","article-title":"International ERS\/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2014;43(4):1216]","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.008","article-title":"Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control","volume":"113","author":"Nathan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.68.4.538","article-title":"Effect of aging on lung mechanics in healthy nonsmokers","volume":"68","author":"Gelb","year":"1975","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.036","article-title":"In moderate-to-severe asthma patients monitoring exhaled nitric oxide during exacerbation is not a good predictor of spirometric response to oral corticosteroid","volume":"129","author":"Gelb","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.3.793","article-title":"The senile lung. Comparison with normal and emphysematous lungs. 1. Structural aspects","volume":"101","author":"Verbeken","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.3.800","article-title":"The senile lung. Comparison with normal and emphysematous lungs. 2. Functional aspects","volume":"101","author":"Verbeken","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2 pt 1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9907151","article-title":"The effect of age and duration of disease on airway structure in fatal asthma","volume":"162","author":"Bai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200403-305OC","article-title":"Abnormal alveolar attachments with decreased elastic fiber content in distal lung in fatal asthma","volume":"170","author":"Mauad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.02.032","article-title":"The outer wall of small airways is a major site of remodeling in fatal asthma","volume":"123","author":"Dolhnikoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.031","article-title":"Asthma therapy and airway remodeling","volume":"120","author":"Mauad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201110-1849OC","article-title":"Airway smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia in asthma","volume":"185","author":"James","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.752806","article-title":"Airway dimensions in fatal asthma and fatal COPD: overlap in older patients","volume":"10","author":"Senhorini","year":"2013","journal-title":"COPD"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10112446","article-title":"Significance of emphysema observed on computed tomography scan in asthma","volume":"10","author":"Paganin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02235.x","article-title":"Inflammatory cell mapping of the respiratory tract in fatal asthma","volume":"35","author":"de Magalh\u00e3es Sim\u00f5es","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.157719","article-title":"Systemic upregulation of neutrophil \u03b1-defensins and serine proteases in neutrophilic asthma","volume":"66","author":"Baines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.022","article-title":"Mast cell-associated alveolar inflammation in patients with atopic uncontrolled asthma","volume":"127","author":"Andersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.12.3.219","article-title":"The centrilobular form of hypertrophic emphysema and its relation to chronic bronchitis","volume":"12","author":"Leopold","year":"1957","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00172007","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated innate immune responses and their roles in airway diseases","volume":"32","author":"Burgel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib55","first-page":"894","article-title":"Loss of alveolar attachments in smokers. A morphometric correlate of lung function impairment","volume":"132","author":"Saetta","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib56","first-page":"50","article-title":"Physiologic diagnosis of subclinical emphysema","volume":"107","author":"Gelb","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.3.9801045","article-title":"Pseudophysiologic emphysema resulting from severe small-airways disease","volume":"158","author":"Gelb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib58","first-page":"162","article-title":"Validation of lung densitometry threshold at CT for the distinction between senile lung and emphysema in elderly subjects","volume":"75","author":"Bellia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"issue":"2011","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib59","first-page":"419328","article-title":"Quantitative CT: associations between emphysema, airway wall thickness and body composition in COPD","volume":"2011","author":"Rutten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pulm Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136374","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of high-resolution computed tomography scans in severe asthma subphenotypes","volume":"65","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106955","article-title":"Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"365","author":"McDonough","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.14-2483_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201109-1640OC","article-title":"A large subgroup of mild-to-moderate asthma is persistently noneosinophilic","volume":"185","author":"McGrath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215503279?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215503279?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T14:26:40Z","timestamp":1566656800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369215503279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369215503279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.14-2483","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}}}