{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:07:56Z","timestamp":1792012076546,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T13:30:37Z","timestamp":1431005437000},"page":"523-532","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Community-Acquired Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Feldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490346","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/490346","article-title":"Overview of community-acquired pneumonia and the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the immunopathogenesis of severe pneumococcal disease","volume":"2013","author":"Steel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1312885","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"371","author":"Musher","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.06.009","article-title":"Immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Corrales-Medina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib4","first-page":"219","article-title":"Non-antibiotic therapies for CAP","volume":"63","author":"Faverio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir Monogr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/86.10.669","article-title":"A study of acute community-acquired pneumonia, including details of cardiac changes","volume":"86","author":"Seedat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70331-7","article-title":"Role of acute infection in triggering acute coronary syndromes","volume":"10","author":"Corrales-Medina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040766","article-title":"Cardiac complications in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: incidence, timing, risk factors, and association with short-term mortality","volume":"125","author":"Corrales-Medina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200909-1427SO","article-title":"Innate immune recognition in infectious and noninfectious diseases of the lung","volume":"181","author":"Opitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.10.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial inflammasomes: unified signalling against diverse bacterial pathogens","volume":"23","author":"Eldridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.07.985","article-title":"Platelet activation is associated with myocardial infarction in patients with pneumonia","volume":"64","author":"Cangemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.04093.x","article-title":"Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae trigger platelet activation via Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"8","author":"Keane","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.10.003","article-title":"Important roles of platelets as immune cells in the skin","volume":"77","author":"Tamagawa-Mineoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-11-540526","article-title":"Amplification of bacteria-induced platelet activation is triggered by Fc\u03b3RIIA, integrin aIIb\u00df3, and platelet factor 4","volume":"123","author":"Arman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-04-565432","article-title":"Bacteria exploit platelets","volume":"123","author":"Naik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24146","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae worsens cerebral ischemia via interleukin 1 and platelet glycoprotein Iba","volume":"75","author":"D\u00e9nes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.06.004","article-title":"Neutrophil and platelet complexes and their relevance to neutrophil recruitment and activation","volume":"17","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064631","article-title":"Soluble CD40 ligand stimulates CD40dependent activation of the \u00df2 integrin Mac-1 and protein kinase C zeda (PKC\u03b6) in neutrophils: implications for neutrophilplatelet interactions and neutrophil oxidative burst","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72305","article-title":"Neutrophil AKT2 regulates heterotypic cell-cell interactions during vascular inflammation","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12710","article-title":"Activated platelets present high mobility group box 1 to neutrophils, inducing autophagy and promoting the extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"12","author":"Maugeri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032366","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death: a predominant role of histones","volume":"7","author":"Saffarzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304114","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004383","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae translocates into the myocardium and forms unique microlesions that disrupt cardiac function","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39843","article-title":"Statins protect against fulminant pneumococcal infection and cytolysin toxicity in a mouse model of sickle cell disease","volume":"120","author":"Rosch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis414","article-title":"Macrolide-based regimens and mortality in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Asadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a66b9b","article-title":"Macrolides and mortality in critically ill patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Sligl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-8-17","article-title":"In vitro antiinflammatory and anti-coagulant effects of antibiotics towards platelet activating factor and thrombin","volume":"8","author":"Tsoupras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047926","article-title":"Corticosteroids in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Nie","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0322-8","article-title":"Is prolonged low-dose glucocorticoid treatment beneficial in community-acquired pneumonia?","volume":"15","author":"Confalonieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.1992","article-title":"Adjuvant steroid therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Shafiq","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02758","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy for severe community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"9977","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62447-8","article-title":"Adjunct prednisone therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Blum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.88","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2014.46.4.239","article-title":"Early additional immune-modulators for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: an observation study","volume":"46","author":"Youn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.02.006","article-title":"Prednisolone exerts exquisite inhibitory properties on platelet functions","volume":"83","author":"Liverani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.04.015","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of statins in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Troeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70111-1","article-title":"Statins and sepsis: multiple modifications at multiple levels","volume":"7","author":"Terblanche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053882","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of statin pleiotropy: statins selectively and dose-dependently reduce vascular inflammation","volume":"8","author":"van der Meij","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20140021","article-title":"Rho protein GTPases and their interactions with NF\u03baB: crossroads of inflammation and matrix biology","volume":"34","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24223","article-title":"Statins modulate transcriptional activity of heme-oxygenase-1 promoter in NIH 3T3 Cells","volume":"113","author":"Mrad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01325.x","article-title":"Lipid rafts are required in Galpha(i) signaling downstream of the P2Y12 receptor during ADP-mediated platelet activation","volume":"3","author":"Quinton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.078915","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering drugs inhibit lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 receptor function by membrane raft disruption","volume":"82","author":"Matarazzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-051812-145304","article-title":"The antithrombotic effects of statins","volume":"65","author":"Owens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.122853","article-title":"Modulation of ADP-induced platelet activation by aspirin and pravastatin: role of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and inside-out integrin signaling","volume":"322","author":"Marwali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1626","article-title":"Platelet CD36 links hyperlipidemia, oxidant stress and a prothrombotic phenotype","volume":"13","author":"Podrez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-013-9529-1","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapy: targeting the TxA2 pathway","volume":"7","author":"Fontana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Transl Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.7.1914","article-title":"Aspirin inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B mobilization and monocyte adhesion in stimulated human endothelial cells","volume":"91","author":"Weber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2011.606809","article-title":"Vorapaxar: a novel proteaseactivated receptor-1 inhibitor","volume":"20","author":"Gurbel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.07.002","article-title":"Use of antiplatelet agents in sepsis: a glimpse into the future","volume":"133","author":"Akinosoglou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-013-0126-z","article-title":"Pharmacology of the new P2Y12 receptor inhibitors: insights on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties","volume":"73","author":"Ferri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28284","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.572297","article-title":"Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from the body wall of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali: conformation, selectin binding, and biological activity","volume":"289","author":"Panagos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1826-2","article-title":"Association between statins given in hospital and mortality in pneumonia patients","volume":"27","author":"Rothberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/505116","article-title":"Pandemic influenza: a potential role for statins in treatment and prophylaxis","volume":"43","author":"Fedson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006251","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006251","article-title":"The effect of simvastatin on inflammatory cytokines in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Viasus","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R122","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11418","article-title":"The impact of statin use on pneumonia risk and outcome: a combined population-based case-control and cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d1642","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1642","article-title":"Effect of statin treatment on short term mortality after pneumonia episode: cohort study","volume":"342","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3182639c26","article-title":"The impact of statin and macrolide use on early survival in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"345","author":"Doshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1159-4","article-title":"Statins and associated risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"68","author":"Kwok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.04.011","article-title":"Is statin use associated with reduced mortality after pneumonia? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Chopra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052929","article-title":"The role of statins in prevention and treatment of community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1378\/chest.15-0484_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-012-0833-4","article-title":"Clopidogrel treatment and the incidence and severity of community acquired pneumonia in a cohort study and meta-analysis of antiplatelet therapy in pneumonia and critical illness","volume":"35","author":"Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215503498?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369215503498?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]],"date-time":"2018-09-22T20:52:57Z","timestamp":1537649577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369215503498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369215503498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.15-0484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}}}