{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:53:28Z","timestamp":1773251608457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Intellect","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"https:\/\/www.intellectbooks.com\/self-archiving#accepted-manuscript-during-embargo"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":447,"URL":"https:\/\/www.intellectbooks.com\/self-archiving#accepted-manuscript-post-embargo"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"https:\/\/www.intellectbooks.com\/self-archiving#final-published-version"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Science Foundation","award":["PTDC\/COM-JOR\/28144\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/COM-JOR\/28144\/2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018\/11744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/11744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article inquiries about the use of Twitter by the two radical right-wing populist Iberian parties, the Spanish VOX and the Portuguese Chega, during election campaigning. Using quantitative and qualitative methodologies, it analyses the tweets posted on their official accounts during the campaign running up to the last general elections held in Spain and Portugal. The results indicate diverging uses of Twitter and differences in their thematic political agendas. VOX chiefly exploits people\u2019s feelings of national unity in the face of Spain\u2019s peripheral nationalism and stirs up fear of illegal immigration. Chega cultivates a sense of insecurity to legitimize its punitive legalistic proposals, such as applying the life sentence and the chemical castration of paedophiles. VOX more frequently employs colloquial and aggressive language. These differences reflect the asymmetric positions of power occupied by the two parties but do not jeopardize the development of an Iberian-inspired radical-right populism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1386\/ijis_00072_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T12:09:22Z","timestamp":1661170162000},"page":"125-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Populism and social media in the Iberian Peninsula: The use of Twitter by VOX (Spain) and Chega (Portugal) in election campaigning"],"prefix":"10.1386","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7023-6463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Ramos Ant\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISNI: 0000000121942329 Universidad de Castilla\u2013La Mancha"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8188-3567","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carla","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISNI: 0000000121511713 Universidade Nova de Lisboa"}]}],"member":"358","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0001","article-title":"Correlates of aggregate support for the radical right in Portugal","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research and Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jhuman\/hux007","article-title":"The populist challenge to human rights","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Human Rights Practice"},{"key":"CIT0003","unstructured":"Anon. 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VOX\u2019s populist discourse in times of crisis","volume":"3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Political Science"},{"key":"CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-019-00073-8","article-title":"Infrastructure and the post-truth era: Is Trump Twitter\u2019s fault?","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postdigital Science and Education"},{"key":"CIT0051","volume-title":"The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You","year":"2011"},{"key":"CIT0057","article-title":"Mind games: A temporal sentiment analysis of the political messages of the Internet Research Agency on Facebook and Twitter","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"CIT0052","unstructured":"Partido CHEGA! (@PartidoCHEGA) (2019a), \u2018Primeiro Ministro Portugu\u00eas, Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Costa n\u00e3o aceita ser contrariado, bem \u00e0 imagem dos DITADORES SOCIALISTAS e \u201cfaz-se\u201d a um senhor bem mais velho que ele por causa de Pedr\u00f3g\u00e3o Grande! \u00c9 isto que querem para Portugal por mais 4 anos?... Vota CHEGA!!! #CHEGA #PartidoCHEGA\u2019, Twitter, 4 October, https:\/\/twitter.com\/PartidoCHEGA\/status\/1180172676083658753. Accessed 16 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0053","unstructured":"Partido CHEGA! (@PartidoCHEGA) (2019b), \u2018O CHEGA congratula o VOX e apresenta votos de que seja poss\u00edvel encontrar em Espanha uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica de estabilidade para os pr\u00f3ximos quatro anos, desejavelmente com for\u00e7as de verdadeira direita! #CHEGA\u2019, Twitter, 10 November, https:\/\/twitter.com\/partidochega\/status\/1193653350010634248. Accessed 16 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0054","unstructured":"Partido CHEGA! (@PartidoCHEGA) (2019c), \u2018Queremos Andr\u00e9 Ventura na Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica! CHEGA de corruptos! CHEGA de compadrios! CHEGA de impunidade! #CHEGA #partidoChega\u2019, Twitter, 22 September, https:\/\/twitter.com\/partidochega\/status\/1175796266443378693?lang=es. Accessed 17 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0055","unstructured":"Partido CHEGA! (@PartidoCHEGA) (2019d), \u2018A prepot\u00eancia e o extremismo do BE, resumidos numa imagem... N\u00e3o somos contra a imigra\u00e7\u00e3o, somos um pa\u00eds de imigrantes, mas somos contra parasitas que apenas pretendam viver \u00e0s custas do nosso trabalho e das nossas fam\u00edlias. Vota CHEGA!\u2019, Twitter, 26 September, https:\/\/twitter.com\/PartidoCHEGA\/status\/1177233296620523522. Accessed 18 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0056","unstructured":"Partido CHEGA! 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Accessed 18 April 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.15581\/003.33.2.175-192","article-title":"The trend towards extreme right-wing populism on Twitter: An analysis of the influence on leaders, media and users","volume":"33","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communication & Society"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s41111-017-0070-2","article-title":"Populism as democratization\u2019s nemesis: The politics of regime hybridization","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Political Science Review"},{"key":"CIT0060","volume-title":"VOX: The Spanish Populist Radical Right","year":"2021"},{"key":"CIT0061","first-page":"75","article-title":"The COVID-19 crisis as a political opportunity: Santiago Abascal\u2019s use of Twitter during the state of alarm in Spain (March 14\u2013June 20, 2020)","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Doxa Comunicaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"CIT0062","unstructured":"Real Academia Espa\u00f1ola (2022), \u2018Diccionario de la lengua espa\u00f1ola\u2019, https:\/\/dle.rae.es\/progre. 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Accessed 13 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0079","unstructured":"Vox (@Vox_es) (2019b), \u2018 @Santi_ABASCAL pulveriza a Pablo Iglesias \u201cNo me va a dar lecciones de democracia ni de defensa del orden constitucional. Yo me jugaba la vida amenazado por ETA en el Pa\u00eds Vasco mientras usted presum\u00eda de que ETA ten\u00eda perspicacia pol\u00edtica\u201d.  #ElDebate4N #DebateElectoral\u2019, Twitter, 4 November, https:\/\/twitter.com\/vox_es\/status\/1191495945244086274. Accessed 13 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0080","unstructured":"Vox (@Vox_es) (2019c), \u2018Aviso a separatistas, golpistas y terroristas: abandonen toda esperanza porque no lograr\u00e1n sus objetivos pol\u00edticos o criminales. No saben cu\u00e1ntos espa\u00f1oles se pondr\u00e1n en pie cuando vean amenazada su patria  RT Difunde #VotaVOX #Espa\u00f1aSiempre\u2019, Twitter, 1 November, https:\/\/twitter.com\/vox_es\/status\/1190264168328380416. Accessed 12 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0081","unstructured":"Vox (@Vox_es) (2019d), \u2018 Megazasca de @Ortega_Smith a Aitor Esteban del PNV en @SextaNocheTV. \u201cPreoc\u00fapese de verdad porque como podamos os ilegalizamos\u201d.  #L6Ns\u00faperdebate\u2019, Twitter, 2 November, https:\/\/twitter.com\/vox_es\/status\/1190765205413941249. Accessed 14 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0082","unstructured":"Vox (@Vox_es) (2019e), \u2018 @Santi_ABASCAL responde a las manipulaciones del botones de Macron.  #ElDebate4N #DebateElectoral\u2019, Twitter, 4 November, https:\/\/twitter.com\/vox_es\/status\/1191504576031186944. Accessed 13 April 2020."},{"key":"CIT0083","unstructured":"Vox (@Vox_es) (2019f), \u2018 @ivanedlm propone la cadena perpetua para los delitos m\u00e1s graves, frenar la inmigraci\u00f3n masiva y solucionar el problema de inseguridad en nuestras calles a causa de los menas.  #Debatea7RTVE\u2019, Twitter, 1 November, https:\/\/mobile.twitter.com\/vox_es\/status\/1190396421104701441. 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