{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T11:27:38Z","timestamp":1758281258922,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Intellect","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT) Investigator Grant","award":["IF\/00346\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00346\/2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>International Retired Migration (IRM) is a growing phenomenon worldwide, including in Portugal. However, there has been no psychological research to date that examines the association between acculturation strategies and adaptation outcomes among this specific group of migrants. It is unclear whether they exhibit similar patterns compared to other migrant groups. This article investigates the acculturation strategies adopted by 131 international retirees currently living in Portugal, as well as their psychological and sociocultural adaptation outcomes and their perceptions of prejudice due to their advanced age and foreigner status. We expected that some of the assumptions from the acculturation literature might not hold true, given the unique characteristics of this group, including their age and lifestyle changes associated with retirement. Confirming our hypothesis, the study found that integration was the strategy associated with the highest levels of psychological and sociocultural adaptation. However, contrary to our expectations regarding the specificities of this population, separation was the strategy linked to the lowest levels of psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Furthermore, the marginalization strategy did not lead to the worst adaptation outcomes, as the literature often suggests for similar populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1386\/pjss_00047_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T12:34:11Z","timestamp":1716813251000},"page":"109-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acculturation strategies and adaptation outcomes of international retired migrants in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1386","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4940-1185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christin-Melanie","family":"Vauclair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIS \u2013 Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Interven\u00e7\u00e3o Social, ISNI: 0000000122208863 Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1913-7712","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah","family":"Dahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISNI: 0000000122208863 Iscte \u2013 Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa"}]}],"member":"358","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.528","article-title":"Older migrants to the Mediterranean: The Turkish example","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Population, Space and Place"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JCCG.0000044689.63820.5c","article-title":"Identity narratives of American and Canadian retirees in Mexico","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology"},{"volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Multicultural Identity","year":"2014","key":"CIT0003"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.2009.01864.x","article-title":"Migration and the search for a better way of life: A critical exploration of lifestyle migration","volume":"57","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Sociological Review"},{"volume-title":"Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences","year":"2016","key":"CIT0005"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0006","first-page":"5","article-title":"Immigration, acculturation and adaptation","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/h0086823","article-title":"Intercultural relations in plural societies","volume":"40","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian Psychology\/Psychologie Canadienne"},{"key":"CIT0008","first-page":"15","article-title":"Theories and models of acculturation","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Acculturation and Health","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2017.08.003","article-title":"Acculturation, discrimination and wellbeing among second generation of immigrants in Canada","volume":"61","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013470","article-title":"Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three European countries","volume":"96","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/imig.12153","article-title":"The emergence of lifestyle reasoning in return considerations among British Pakistanis","volume":"52","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Migration"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0012","article-title":"Discordant lifestyle mobilities in East Asia: Privilege and precarity of British retirement in Thailand","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Population, Space and Place"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/002075997400629","article-title":"Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach","volume":"32","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/13691830600928805","article-title":"The achievement and potential of international retirement migration research: The need for disciplinary exchange","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X04001898","article-title":"Northern European retired residents in nine Southern European areas: Characteristics, motivations and adjustment","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"issue":"B","key":"CIT0016","first-page":"304","article-title":"Acculturation is a two-way street: Majority\u2013minority perspectives of outgroup acculturation preferences and the mediating role of multiculturalism and threat","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/1070289X.2016.1260022","article-title":"Rooted in relative privilege: US \u201cexpats\u201d in Granada, Nicaragua","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"Identities"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12113","article-title":"Marginal and happy? The need for uniqueness predicts the adjustment of marginal immigrants","volume":"54","year":"2015","journal-title":"The British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"volume-title":"Assessing Well-Being: The Collected Works of Ed Diener","year":"2009","key":"CIT0019"},{"volume-title":"International Residential Mobilities: From Lifestyle Migrations to Tourism Gentrification","year":"2021","key":"CIT0020"},{"volume-title":"ESS-4 2008 Documentation Report","year":"2014","key":"CIT0021"},{"issue":"12","key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2014.880335","article-title":"\u201cWe gained a lot over what we would have had\u201d: The geographic arbitrage of North American lifestyle migrants to Cuenca, Ecuador","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X21000179","article-title":"New frontiers in international retirement migration","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1220(199806)4:2<91::AID-IJPG97>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"International retirement migration in Europe","volume":"4","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Population Geography"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1976","article-title":"Dual task interference in implicit sequence learning by young and old adults","volume":"23","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2012.00642.x","article-title":"Ageing in an inconvenient paradise: The immigrant experiences of older Korean people in New Zealand","volume":"32","year":"2013","journal-title":"Australasian Journal on Ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gns038","article-title":"Not your mother\u2019s old age: Baby Boomers at age 65","volume":"52","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"CIT0028","first-page":"190","article-title":"Cognitive changes across the lifespan","volume-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1353\/prv.2004.0009","article-title":"International retirement migration: Retired Europeans living on the Costa del Sol, Spain","volume":"43","year":"2004","journal-title":"Population Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12134-013-0278-4","article-title":"US retirement migration to Mexico: Understanding issues of adaptation, networking, and social integration","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of International Migration and Integration\/Revue de l\u00b4integration et de la migration internationale"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.79.1.49","article-title":"Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity and adjustment","volume":"79","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"journal-title":"master\u2019s thesis","article-title":"International retirement migration in low density areas of the Algarve: A glance from geography in a local development","year":"2011","key":"CIT0032"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/area.12414","article-title":"A place to grow older \u2026 alone? Living and ageing as a single older lifestyle migrant in the Azores","volume":"50","year":"2018","journal-title":"Area"},{"volume-title":"The Good Life: Lifestyle Migration in Practices","year":"2015","key":"CIT0034"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1080\/14649365.2017.1373145","article-title":"A place in the sun? Discursive constructions of positive outcomes in post-migration stories in the Algarve","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social & Cultural Geography"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0036","first-page":"11","article-title":"Transcultural identity: The future self in a globalized world","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista Transcultural"},{"volume-title":"The Psychology of Culture Shock","year":"2001","key":"CIT0037"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-1767(99)00014-0","article-title":"The measurement of sociocultural adaptation","volume":"23","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022199030004003","article-title":"Acculturation and adaptation revisited","volume":"30","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X9900759X","article-title":"The well-being of British expatriate retirees in southern Europe","volume":"19","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ageing and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/146166800363439","article-title":"Tourism and international retirement migration: New forms of an old relationship in southern Europe","volume":"2","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tourism Geographies"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1220(199806)4:2<135::AID-IJPG99>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"\u201cAn empire lost but a province gained\u201d: A cohort analysis of British international retirement in the Algarve","volume":"4","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Population Geography"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2013.06.002","article-title":"Retirement motivation among \u201cMalaysia my second home\u201d participants","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09640560903399905","article-title":"International retirement migration in the Alicante region, Spain: Process, spatial pattern and environmental impacts","volume":"53","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Planning and Management"}],"container-title":["Portuguese Journal of Social Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/intellectdiscover.com\/content\/journals\/10.1386\/pjss_00047_1?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T17:34:23Z","timestamp":1758216863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/intellectdiscover.com\/content\/journals\/10.1386\/pjss_00047_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1386\/pjss_00047_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-413X","1758-9509"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1476-413X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1758-9509"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}}}