{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1783948673970,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Veterinary World","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet World"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aim: Pigeon feces are increasingly being implicated in the spread of bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, and Chlamydia. Fungi are rarely investigated except for Cryptococcus that has emerged as an important pathogen in old people and immunosuppressed patients. This study investigated fungi in pigeon feces collected from Mafikeng, the North West Province of South Africa. Materials and Methods: Freshly dropped feces were collected and enriched in phosphate-buffered saline overnight at 48\u00b0C and then subcultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar and incubated at 48\u00b0C for 2 weeks observing any fungal growth from day 2. The growths were picked up, DNA extracted, and polymerase chain reaction was done using the internal transcribed spacer primers. Results: Fungi isolated included: Aspergillus (Aspergillus tubingensis), Cryptococcus (Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus randhawai), Fusarium spp., and Rhodotorula (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae). Most of these isolates are known opportunistic pathogens and have been isolated in clinical conditions elsewhere. Other isolates such as Graphium dubautiae, Myrmecridium schulzeri, Naganishia albida, Paecilomyces lilacinus, and Zygopleurage zygospora were not found to be of any human health significance. Conclusion: We, therefore, concluded that the presence of these opportunistic pathogens is a significant human health risk, especially in the face of the HIV\/AIDS pandemic that results in immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1066-1069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T08:37:38Z","timestamp":1563439058000},"page":"1066-1069","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Opportunistic pathogenic fungi isolated from feces of feral pigeons in Mafikeng, North West Province of South Africa"],"prefix":"10.14202","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michelo","family":"Syakalima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsepo","family":"Ramatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoma","family":"Lubanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5308","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chae, H., Park, G., Kim, S., Jo, H., Kim, J., Jeoung, H., An, D., Kim, N., Shin, B. and Kang, Y. (2012) Rapid direct identification of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings by nested PCR using CNLAC1 gene. Poult. Sci., 91(8): 1983-1989.","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02307"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanaka, C., Miyazawa, T., Watarai, M. and Ishiguro, N. (2005) Bacteriological survey of feces from feral pigeons in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 67(9): 951-953.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.951"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shah, S., Birnbaum, B. and Jacobs, J. (2001) Disseminated aspergillosis inciting intestinal ischemia and obstruction. Br. J. Radiol., 74(888): 1145-1147.","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.74.888.741145"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dannaoui, E. and Garcia-Hermoso, D. (2007) The Zygomycetes. New Insights in Medical Mycology. Springer, New York. p159-183.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6397-8_7"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nucci, M. and Anaissie, E. (2007) Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 20(4): 695-704.","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00014-07"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Courville, P., Favennec, L., Viacroze, C., Barrel, A., Young, P., Abboud, P., Thomine, E., Metayer, J. and Nouvet, G. (2002) Co\u2010existent cutaneous cryptococcosis of the forearm and cutaneous alternariosis of the leg in patient with metastatic thymoma. J. Cutan. Pathol., 29(1): 55-58.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0303-6987.2001.00035.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aguilar, C., Pujol, I., Sala, J. and Guarro, J. (1998) Antifungal susceptibilities of Paecilomyces species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42(7): 1601-1604.","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.7.1601"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Odds, F.C. (1991) Potential for penetration of passive barriers to fungal invasion in humans. In: The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals. Springer, New York. p287-295.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2635-7_13"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, T.G., Freedman, E.Z., White, T.J. and Taylor, J.W. (1994) Unique oligonucleotide primers in PCR for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Microbiol., 32(1): 253-255.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.1.253-255.1994"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Syakalima, M., Munyeme, M. and Yasuda, J. (2016) Cytochrome c oxidase sequences of Zambian wildlife helps to identify species of origin of meat. Int. J. Zool., 2016(5): 1-6.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1808912"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jukes, T.H., Cantor, C.R. and Munro, H. (1969) Evolution of protein molecules. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York. p21-132.","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues, A.M., de Hoog, G.S., de C\u00e1ssia Pires, D., Brihante, R.S.N., da Costa Sidrim, J.J., Gadelha, M.F., Colombo, A.L. and de Camargo, Z.P. (2014) Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profiles in causative agents of sporotrichosis. BMC Infect. Dis., 14(1): 219.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-219"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kredics, L., Varga, J., Kocsub\u00e9, S., Rajaraman, R., Raghavan, A., D\u00f3czi, I., Bhaskar, M., N\u00e9meth, T.M., Antal, Z. and Venkatapathy, N. (2009) Infectious keratitis caused by Aspergillus tubingensis. Cornea, 28(8): 951-954.","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e3181967098"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bathoorn, E., Salazar, N.E., Sepehrkhouy, S., Meijer, M., de Cock, H. and Haas, P.J. (2013) Involvement of the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus tubingensis in osteomyelitis of the maxillary bone: A case report. BMC Infect. Dis., 13(1): 59.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-59"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khawcharoenporn, T., Apisarnthanarak, A. and Mundy, L.M. (2007) Non-neoformans cryptococcal infections: A systematic review. Infection, 35(2): 51-58.","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-6142-8"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ma, S., Wang, X., Xu, W. and Tang, J. (2014) Cryptococcus albidus encephalitis in newly diagnosed HIV-patient and literature review. Med. Mycol. Case Rep., 3(1): 8-10.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2013.11.002"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"St\u0119pie\u0144, \u0141., Koczyk, G. and Wa\u015bkiewicz, A. (2013) Diversity of Fusarium species and mycotoxins contaminating pineapple. J. Appl. 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Sabouraudia, 45(5): 441-447.","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701381289"}],"container-title":["Veterinary World"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.veterinaryworld.org\/Vol.12\/July-2019\/21.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.veterinaryworld.org\/Vol.12\/July-2019\/21.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.veterinaryworld.org\/Vol.12\/July-2019\/21.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:55:37Z","timestamp":1610499337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.veterinaryworld.org\/Vol.12\/July-2019\/21.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":18,"issue-title":["July-2019"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1066-1069","relation":{},"ISSN":["2231-0916","0972-8988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2231-0916","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0972-8988","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}}}