{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:06:02Z","timestamp":1793815562747,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Veterinary World","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]],"date-time":"2020-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]],"date-time":"2020-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581724800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"http:\/\/veterinaryworld.org\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]],"date-time":"2020-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet World"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aim: Escherichia coli can cause a number of serious infections both in human and veterinary medicine. Their management is increasingly complicated by the emergence and dissemination of multiresistance to various first-line antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance level to the commonly used antibiotics, with a focus on the first-line antimicrobial agents, in E. coli strains isolated from poultry in Western Algeria.\n\nMaterials and Methods: E. coli culture was done on MacConkey agar and their identification was determined by AP20E system. For susceptibility testing, disk diffusion method to 14 antimicrobials, including first-line antibiotics, was used according to Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method in Mueller-Hinton agar and the results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. E. coli isolates were considered as multidrug resistance (MDR) when found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent of three different families of antibiotics. Double-disk synergy and combination disk tests were used for initial screening and confirmation for extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) production, respectively.\n\nResults: A total of 145 E. coli strains were isolated in this study. High resistance levels to various antibiotics, including commonly used first-line antimicrobial agents, were recorded in this study. The highest resistance level was observed against nalidixic acid (90.34%, n=131), followed by tetracycline (86.89%, n=126), ampicillin (82.75%, n=120), enrofloxacin (80.68%, n=117) and neomycin (80.68%, n=117), trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (73.79%, n=107), norfloxacin (72.41%, n=105) and cephalothin (72.41%, n=105), amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (51.72%, n=75), chloramphenicol (22.75%, n=33), nitrofurantoin (17.24%, n=25), gentamicin (13.10%, n=19), and ceftiofur (3.44%, n=5). Moreover, resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics was also demonstrated in the present study. Overall, 139 out of 145 isolates (95.86%) demonstrated MDR (resistant to at least three antibiotics). In addition, five E. coli isolates (3.44%) were confirmed to be ESBL producers.\n\nConclusion: The alarming rate of E. coli resistant to multiple first-line antibiotics in poultry demands intensified surveillance. These results call for taking drastic measures to preserve antibiotic effectiveness and reduce the emergence risks of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant E. coli isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.290-295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]],"date-time":"2020-02-15T06:44:53Z","timestamp":1581749093000},"page":"290-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Resistance to multiple first-line antibiotics among Escherichia coli from poultry in Western Algeria"],"prefix":"10.14202","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Meki","family":"Boutaiba Benklaouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ibn Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria; Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ibn Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebib","family":"Aggad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ibn Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria; Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ibn Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qada","family":"Benameur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostaganem, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5308","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pitout, J.D. (2012) Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: An update on antimicrobial resistance, laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther., 10(10): 1165-1176.","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.110"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammerum, A.M. and Heuer, O.E. (2009) Human health hazards from antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli of animal origin. Clin. Infect. Dis., 48(7): 916-921.","DOI":"10.1086\/597292"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tivendale, K.A., Logue, C.M., Kariyawasam, S., Jordan, D., Hussein, A., Li, G., Wannemuehler, Y. and Nolan., L.K. (2010) Avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains are similar to neonatal meningitis E. coli strains and are able to cause meningitis in the rat model of human disease. Infect. Immun., 78(8): 3412-3419.","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00347-10"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, S.W. and Gautier, P. (2012) Use of antimicrobial agents in livestock. 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