{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:57:41Z","timestamp":1793444261105,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Veterinary World","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"http:\/\/veterinaryworld.org\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":85,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet World"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: This study aims to describe the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract and to determine the main risk factors involved in the occurrence of urinary lithiasis in cats in Algeria from 2016 to 2018.\n\nMaterials and Methods: During the study period, 465 cats were examined and 32 cases of urolithiases were selected and investigated by conducting physical examinations, blood analyses, urinalysis, X-ray radiography, and ultrasonography. Parameters such as breed, age, or sex were studied and reported in a farm return to analyze risk factors involved in the formation of lower urinary urolithiasis.\n\nResults: The most clinically relevant symptoms of urolithiasis observed in cats were dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria. Urinalysis and blood analysis revealed a significant presence of urinary crystals and acute kidney failure in nine cats. The ultrasonography and radiography confirmed the diagnosis of urolithiasis with the incidence of 43.75% and 31.25%, respectively. The lower urinary tract urolithiasis appeared to be more frequent in European and Siamese cats. In addition, cats aged between 4 and 8 years old were the most affected. Male cats (87.50%) were more affected than female cats. Finally, the lower urinary tract urolithiasis was more frequent in cats consuming the commercial pet food, previously castrated, and confined inside the house.\n\nConclusion: Complete clinical assessments, in addition to complementary examinations, are necessary and beneficial in treating the animal and preventing possible complications. Whether the choice of therapy is surgical or treatment with drugs, it is crucial to understand that the elimination of the stone is not an end, but the beginning of a series of investigations. Because of their impact on both the formation and elimination of metabolites, it has been found that factors, such as race, gender, age, diet, and lifestyle, should be considered as potential risk factors for urolithiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.563-569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1585212183000},"page":"563-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Lower urinary tract lithiasis of cats in Algeria: Clinical and epidemiologic features"],"prefix":"10.14202","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hayet","family":"Remichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Canine Medicine and General Surgery, Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Amira","family":"Hani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Canine Medicine and General Surgery, Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriem","family":"Rebouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Canine Medicine and General Surgery, Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chabha","family":"Benmohand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Canine Medicine and General Surgery, Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahiba","family":"Zenad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Canine Medicine and General Surgery, Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofiane","family":"Boudjellaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Canine Medicine and General Surgery, Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algeria."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5308","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gomes, V.R., Ariza, P.C., Borges, N.C., Schulz, F.J. Jr. and Fioravanti, M.C.S. (2018) Risk factors associated with feline urolithiasis. Vet. Res. Commun., 42(1): 87-94.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-018-9710-8"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Syme, H.M. (2012) Stones in cats and dogs: What can be learnt from them? Arab. J. Urol., 10(3): 230-239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aju.2012.06.006"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartges, J.W. and Callens, A.J. (2015) Urolithiasis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., 45(4): 747-768.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.03.001"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Hunprasit, V., Pusoonthornthum, P., Koehler, L. and Lulich, J.P. (2019). Epidemiologic evaluation of feline urolithiasis in Thailand from 2010 to 2017. Thai J. Vet. Med., 49(1): 101-105."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kruger, J.M., Lulich, J.P., MacLeay, J., Merrills, J., Paetau-Robinson, I., Brejda, J. and Osborne, C.A. (2015), Comparison of foods with differing nutritional profiles for long-term management of acute nonobstructive idiopathic cystitis in cats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 247(5): 508-517.","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.5.508"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Houston, D.M., Vanstone, N.P., Moore, A.E.P., Weese, H.E. and Weese, J.S. (2016) Evaluation of 21 426 feline bladder urolith submissions to the Canadian veterinary urolith centre (1998-2014). Can. Vet. J., 57(2): 196-201."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Houston, D.M., Moore A.E.P., Favrin, M.G. and Hoff B. (2003) Feline urethral plugs and bladder uroliths: A review of 5484 submissions 1998-2003. Can. Vet. J., 44(12): 974-977."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lund, H.S., S\u00e6vik, B.K. and Finstad, \u00d8.W. (2016) Risk factors for idiopathic cystitis in Norwegian cats: A matched case-control study. J. Feline Med. 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