{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T06:46:18Z","timestamp":1794379578410,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Veterinary World","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006087","name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAPIIT IT201221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPIIT IT201221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006087","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet World"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aim: Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious disease that induces chronic enteritis in ruminants. It is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In this study, we evaluated the presence of MAP using bacteriological, molecular, and anatomopathological studies, based on the clinical suspicion of PTB in a zoo, in an area housing 10 scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), five giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis), and three blue wildebeests (Connochaetes taurinus).\n\nMaterials and Methods: From November 2016 to June 2017, fecal samples were collected from individuals of the three species on four occasions, resulting in a total of 56 fecal samples. In addition, five small intestine samples were collected from the necropsies of three adult scimitar-horned oryx females and two oryx calves. MAP identification was performed through isolation in Herrold's medium with egg yolk, mycobactin, and sodium pyruvate, Ziehl\u2013Neelsen staining, IS900 polymerase chain reaction (IS900 PCR), and anatomopathological examination of intestine samples.\n\nResults: Diffuse granulomatous enteritis with abundant acid-fast bacilli was found in two out of five intestine samples from adult scimitar-horned oryx females. MAP was isolated in 7\/56 (12.5%) of the fecal samples from four scimitar-horned oryx, one giraffe, and two wildebeest samples. Two out of 5 (40%) samples obtained from scimitar-horned oryx tested positive. IS900 PCR yielded five positive samples (two fecal samples and three small intestine samples). MAP isolates were classified as Type C (Cattle) using type-specific PCR.\n\nConclusion: These results demonstrated the presence of MAP in the area evaluated and indicated the importance of both sampling live animals and conducting postmortem examinations. The use of bacteriological and histopathological diagnostic techniques demonstrated in this study will provide insight into the health status and prevalence of paratuberculosis in wild ruminants under human care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.655-661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T13:39:28Z","timestamp":1648042768000},"page":"655-661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["First identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild ruminants in a zoo in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.14202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. L.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (FMVZ), Center for Teaching, Research and Extension of Animal Production in High Plateau (CEIEPAA), Tequisquiapan-Ezequiel Montes Highway Km 8.5, 76790 Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1123-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Ch\u00e1vez-Gris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (FMVZ), Center for Teaching, Research and Extension of Animal Production in High Plateau (CEIEPAA), Tequisquiapan-Ezequiel Montes Highway Km 8.5, 76790 Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3793-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Maldonado-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics (FMVZ), Center for Teaching, Research and Extension of Animal Production in High Plateau (CEIEPAA), Tequisquiapan-Ezequiel Montes Highway Km 8.5, 76790 Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. E.","family":"Alcaraz-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autonomous Metropolitan University, Xochimilco Campus, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col, Villa Quietud, Coyoac\u00e1n, 09460, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. T.","family":"D\u00edaz-Negrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological and Wildlife Conservation General Directorate (DGZCFS), Secretariat of Environment of Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5308","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"1.\tChiodini, R.J., van Kruiningen, H.J. and Merkal, R.S. (1984) Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne\u2019s disease): The current status and future prospects. Cornell Vet., 74(3): 218-262."},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"2.\tManning, E.J. and Collins, M.T. (2001) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: Pathogen, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Rev. Sci. Tech., 20(1): 133-150.","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.20.1.1275"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3.\tManning, E.J. (2011) Paratuberculosis in captive and free-ranging wildlife. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 27(3): 621-630.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2011.07.008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4.\tCarta, T., Alvarez, J., Perez de la Lastra, J.M. and Gortazar, C. (2013) Wildlife and paratuberculosis: A review. Res. Vet. Sci., 94(2): 191-197.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.11.002"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.\tRasmussen, P., Barkema, H.W., Mason, S., Beaulieu, E. and Hall, D.C. 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Pract., 27(3): 537-546.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2011.07.001"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"9.\tTimms, V.J., Gehringer, M.M., Mitchell, H.M., Daskalopoulos, G. and Neilan, B.A. (2011) How accurately can we detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection? J. Microbiol. Methods, 85(1): 1-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.01.026"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.\tWhittington, R. (2020) Cultivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. In: Behr, M.A., Stevenson, K. and Kapur, V., editors. Paratuberculosis: Organism, Disease, Control. 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Invest., 30(1): 78-85.","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717735350"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.\tWhittington, R., Donat, K., Weber, M.F., Kelton, D., Nielsen, S.S., Eisenberg, S., Arrigoni, N., Juste, R., S\u00e1ez, J.L., Dhand, N., Santi, A., Michel, A., Barkema, H., Kralik, P., Kostoulas, P., Citer, L., Griffin, F., Barwell, R., Moreira, M.A.S., Slana, I., Koehler, H., Singh, S.V., Yoo, H.S., Ch\u00e1vez-Gris, G., Goodridge, A., Ocepek, M., Garrido, J., Stevenson, K., Collins, M., Alonso, B., Cirone, K., Paolicchi, F., Gavey, L., Rahman, M.T., De Marchin, E., Van Praet, W., Bauman, C., Fecteau, G., McKenna, S., Salgado, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Silva, J., Dziedzinska, R., Echeverr\u00eda, G., Sepp\u00e4nen, J., Thibault, V., Fridriksdottir, V., Derakhshandeh, A., Haghkhah, M., Ruocco, L., Kawaji, S., Momotani, E., Heuer, C., Norton, S., Cadmus, S., Agdestein, A., Kampen, A., Szteyn, J., Fr\u00f6ssling, J., Schwan, E., Caldow, G., Strain, S., Carter, M., Wells, S., Munyeme, M., Wolf, R., Gurung, R., Verdugo, C., Fourichon, C., Yamamoto, T., Thapaliya, S., Di Labio, E., Ekgatat, M., Gil, A., Alesandre, A.N., Piaggio, J., Suanes, A. and De Waard, J.H. (2019) Control of paratuberculosis: Who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Vet. Res., 15(1) : 198.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1943-4"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"15.\tBryant, B., Blyde, D., Eamens, G. and Whittington, R. (2012) Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis cultured from the feces of a Southern Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) with diarrhea and weight loss. J. Zoo Wildl. Med., 43(2): 391-393.","DOI":"10.1638\/2010-0161.1"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16.\tPigoli, C., Garbarino, C., Ricchi, M., Bonacina, E., Gibelli, L., Grieco, V., Scaltriti, E., Roccabianca, P., Sironi, G., Russo, S., Pongolini, S. and Arrigoni, N. (2020) Paratuberculosis in captive scimitar-horned oryxes (Oryx dammah). Animals, 10(11): 1949.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10111949"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.\tIUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group. (2016) Oryx Dammah. The International Union for Conservation of Nature\u2019s Red List of Threatened, 2021. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.2305\/iucn.uk.2016-2.rlts.t15568a50191470.en"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18.\tWhipple, D.L., Callihan, D.R. and Jarnagin, J.L. (1991) Cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine fecal specimens and a suggested standardized procedure. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 3(4): 368-373.","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879100300424"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.\tRatnamohan, T.N. and Spencer, T.L. (1986) A technique for the purification of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from the ileal mucosa of infected cattle. Aust. Vet. J., 63(6): 185-187.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02970.x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20.\tEst\u00e9vez-Denaives, I., Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro, R., Trujillo-Garc\u00eda, A. and Ch\u00e1vez-Gris, G. (2007) Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in goat and sheep flocks in Mexico. Small Rumin. Res., 72(2): 209-213.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2006.10.017"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21.\tGarrido, J.M., Cortabarria, N., Oguiza, J.A., Aduriz, G. and Juste, R.A. (2000) Use of a PCR method on fecal samples for diagnosis of sheep paratuberculosis. Vet. Microbiol., 77(3-4): 379-386.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(00)00323-0"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.\tAyele, W.Y., Svastova, P., Roubal, P., Bartos, M. and Pavlik, I. (2005) Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis cultured from locally and commercially pasteurized cow\u2019s milk in the Czech Republic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71(3): 1210-1214.","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.71.3.1210-1214.2005"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23.\tCastillo-Vel\u00e1zquez, U., G\u00f3mez-Flores, R., Ch\u00e1vez-Gris, G., Favila-Humara, L.C., Soto-Castor, R., Maldonado-Castro, E. and Tamez-Guerra, P. (2015) Presence of paratuberculosis in dairy cows culled in Tizayuca (Hidalgo, Mexico). Rev. Colomb. Cienc Pecu., 28(2  ): 174-180.","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.rccp.v28n2a06"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24.\tCollins, D.M., De Zoete, M. and Cavaignac, S.M. (2002) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from cattle and sheep can be distinguished by a PCR test based on a novel DNA sequence difference. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40(12): 4760-4762.","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.12.4760-4762.2002"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.\tAltschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W. & Lipman, D.J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J. 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Evol., 8(23): 11799-11807.","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4636"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.\tSchwalm, A.K., Obiegala, A., Pfeffer, M. and Sting, R. (2018) Enhanced sensitivity and fast turnaround time in laboratory diagnosis for bovine paratuberculosis in faecal samples. J. Microbiol. Methods, 152  : 39-47.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2018.07.010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30.\tFock-Chow-Tho, D., Topp, E., Ibeagha-Awemu E.A. and Bissonnette, N. (2017) Comparison of commercial DNA extraction kits and quantitative PCR systems for better sensitivity in detecting the causative agent of paratuberculosis in dairy cow fecal samples. J. Dairy Sci., 100(1): 572-581.","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11384"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.\tStevenson, K. and Ahlstrom, C. (2020) Comparative Genomics and Genomic Epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Strains. In: Behr, M.A., Stevenson, K. and Kapur, V., editors. Paratuberculosis Organism, Disease, Control. CABI International, Oxfordshire, UK. p76-81.","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789243413.0076"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.\tGaliero, A., Leo, S., Garbarino, C., Arrigoni, N., Russo, S., Giacomelli, S., Bianchi, A., Trevisiol, K., Idrizi, I., Daka, G., Fratini, F., Turchi, B., Cerri, D. and Ricchi, M. (2018) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Northern Italy. Vet. Microbiol., 217  : 167-172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.015"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33.\tCh\u00e1vez-Gris, G., Trigo-Tavera, F.J., Svastova, P. and Pavlik, I. (2004) Identificaci\u00f3n del polimorfismo gen\u00e9tico de aislamientos de Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis de caprinos del centro de M\u00e9xico. Vet. M\u00e9x., 35(1): 1-7.","DOI":"10.21929\/abavet2021.21"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.\tvan Kooten, H.C.J., Mackintosh, C.G. and Koets, A.P. (2006) Intra-uterine transmission of paratuberculosis (Johne\u2019s disease) in farmed red deer. N. Z. Vet. 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