{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T09:08:46Z","timestamp":1778231326614,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Transl Gastroenterol","Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>INTRODUCTION:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Characterization of biliary strictures is challenging. Papillary projections (PP) are often reported in biliary strictures with high malignancy potential during digital single-operator cholangioscopy. In recent years, the development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for application to endoscopic practice has been intensely studied. We aimed to develop an AI algorithm for automatic detection of PP in digital single-operator cholangioscopy images.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed. Each frame was evaluated for the presence of PP. The CNN's performance was measured by the area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 3,920 images from 85 patients were included. Our model had a sensitivity and specificity 99.7% and 97.1%, respectively. The area under the curve was 1.00.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our CNN was able to detect PP with high accuracy. Future development of AI tools may optimize the macroscopic characterization of biliary strictures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T14:00:09Z","timestamp":1635343209000},"page":"e00418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Automatic Identification of Papillary Projections in Indeterminate Biliary Strictures Using Digital Single-Operator Cholangioscopy"],"prefix":"10.14309","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tiago","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Miguel Mascarenhas","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. S.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Filipe Vilas","family":"Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Marco P. L.","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Renato N.","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"INEGI\u2014Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"WGO Gastroenterology and Hepatology Training Center, Porto, Portugal;"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal;"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01645.x","article-title":"Management of hilar biliary strictures","volume":"103","author":"Larghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J 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multicenter trial (with video)","volume":"91","author":"Gerges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"R5-20240806","article-title":"Digital single-operator cholangioscopy (DSOC) improves interobserver agreement (IOA) and accuracy for evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures: The Monaco classification","author":"Sethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R6-20240806","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730731","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/730731","article-title":"Interobserver agreement for single operator choledochoscopy imaging: Can we do better?","volume":"2014","author":"Sethi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Ther Endosc"},{"key":"R7-20240806","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Machine Learn 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