{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:53:27Z","timestamp":1791957207223,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hormones"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,25]],"date-time":"2015-10-25T20:10:53Z","timestamp":1445803853000},"page":"531-548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Klinefelter syndrome and medical treatment: hypogonadism and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus H\u00f8jbjerg","family":"Gravholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"14040531_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03030509","volume":"4","author":"CR Kleeman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kleeman CR, Levine BS, Felsenfeld AJ, 2009 Fuller Albright: the consummate clinical investigator. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1541\u20131546.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"14040531_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-199102000-00001","volume":"1","author":"DL Loriaux","year":"2009","unstructured":"Loriaux DL, 2009 Harry F. Klinefelter: 1912\u20131990. Endocrinologist 1: 1\u20134.","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"14040531_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-2-11-615","volume":"2","author":"HF Klinefelter","year":"1942","unstructured":"Klinefelter HF, Reifenstein EC, Albright F, 1942 Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism, and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Jour Clin Endocrinol 2: 615\u2013627.","journal-title":"Jour Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-16-5-689","volume":"16","author":"JT Bradbury","year":"1956","unstructured":"Bradbury JT, Bunge RG, Boccabella RA, 1956 Chromatin test in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 16: 689.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR5","first-page":"962","volume":"1","author":"P J Reis","year":"1959","unstructured":"Reis P JS, Mosbeck J, 1959 Letter to the Editor. Lancet 1: 962.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14040531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/183302a0","volume":"183","author":"PA Jacobs","year":"1959","unstructured":"Jacobs PA, Strong JA, 1959 A case of human inter-sexuality having a possible XXY sex-determining mechanism. Nature 183: 302\u2013303.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"14040531_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021491","volume":"88","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Juul S, Gravholt CH, 2003 Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 622\u2013626.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2382","volume":"98","author":"KA Groth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Groth KA, Skakkebaek A, Host C, Gravholt CH, Bojesen A, 2013 Clinical review: Klinefelter syndrome\u2014a clinical update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: 20\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0697","volume":"91","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Juul S, Birkebaek NH, Gravholt CH, 2006 Morbidity in Klinefelter syndrome: a Danish register study based on hospital discharge diagnoses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1254\u20131260.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0777","volume":"89","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Juul S, Birkebaek N, Gravholt CH, 2004 Increased mortality in Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 3830\u20133834.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6516","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1077","volume":"90","author":"AJ Swerdlow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Schoemaker MJ, Wright AF, Jacobs PA, 2005 Mortality in patients with Klinefelter syndrome in Britain: a cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 6516\u20136522.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0367","volume":"96","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Stochholm K, Juul S, Gravholt CH, 2011 Socioeconomic trajectories affect mortality in Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 2098\u20132104.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000157","volume":"22","author":"A Skakkebaek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skakkebaek A, Wallentin M, Gravholt CH, 2015 Neuropsychology and socioeconomic aspects of Klinefelter syndrome: new developments. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 22: 209\u2013216.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"14040531_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000650","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000650","volume":"2","author":"K Stochholm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stochholm K, Bojesen A, Jensen AS, Juul S, Gravholt CH, 2012 Criminality in men with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and XYY syndrome: a cohort study. BMJ Open 2: e000650.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"14040531_CR15","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Population Cytogenetics: Studies in Humans","author":"E Hook","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hook E, Hamerton J, 1977 The frequency of chromosome abnormalities detected in consecutive newborn studies: differences between studies: results by sex and by severity of phenotypic involvement. In: Hook E, Porter H (eds) Population Cytogenetics: Studies in Humans, Academic Press, New York; pp 63\u201379."},{"key":"14040531_CR16","first-page":"209","volume":"26","author":"J Nielsen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Wohlert M, 1990, Sex chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 26: 209\u2013223.","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"14040531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201956","volume":"16","author":"JK Morris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morris JK, Alberman E, Scott C, Jacobs P, 2008 Is the prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome increasing? Eur J Hum Genet 16: 163\u2013170.","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaq019","volume":"16","author":"F Tuttelmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tuttelmann F, Gromoll J, 2010 Novel genetic aspects of Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Mol Hum Reprod 16: 386\u2013395.","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"14040531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb04141.x","volume":"194","author":"AS Herlihy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herlihy AS, Halliday JL, Cock ML, McLachlan RI, 2011 The prevalence and diagnosis rates of Klinefelter syndrome: an Australian comparison. Med J Aust 194: 24\u201328.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"14040531_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.09.007","volume":"85","author":"B Coffee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coffee B, Keith K, Albizua I, et al, 2009 Incidence of fragile X syndrome by newborn screening for methylated FMR1 DNA. Am J Hum Genet 85: 503\u2013514.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00291918","volume":"46","author":"M Higurashi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Higurashi M, Iijima K, Ishikawa N, Hoshina H, Watanabe N, 1979 Incidence of major chromosome aberrations in 12,319 newborn infants in Tokyo. Hum Genet 46: 163\u2013172.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb03129.x","volume":"24","author":"A Kamischke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kamischke A, Baumgardt A, Horst J, Nieschlag E, 2003 Clinical and diagnostic features of patients with suspected Klinefelter syndrome. J Androl 24: 41\u201348.","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"14040531_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E508","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2834","volume":"100","author":"S Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang S, Skakkebaek A, Trolle C, et al, 2014 Anthropometry in Klinefelter syndrome \u2014 multifactorial influences due to CAG length, testosterone treatment and possibly intrauterine hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100: E508\u201317.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000154","volume":"22","author":"AS Herlihy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herlihy AS, McLachlan RI, 2015 Screening for Klinefelter syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 22: 224\u2013229.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"14040531_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16678-6","volume":"364","author":"F Lanfranco","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lanfranco F, Kamischke A, Zitzmann M, Nieschlag E, 2004 Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 364: 273\u2013283.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14040531_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1988.tb01084.x","volume":"52","author":"PA Jacobs","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jacobs PA, Hassold TJ, Whittington E, et al, 1988 Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome: an analysis of the origin of the additional sex chromosome using molecular probes. Ann Hum Genet 52: 93\u2013109.","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg028","volume":"9","author":"NS Thomas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thomas NS, Hassold TJ, 2003 Aberrant recombination and the origin of Klinefelter syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 9: 309\u2013317.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"14040531_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20010101)98:1<25::AID-AJMG1015>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"98","author":"Y Iitsuka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Iitsuka Y, Bock A, Nguyen DD, Samango-Sprouse CA, Simpson JL, Bischoff FZ, 2001 Evidence of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in 47,XXY and 48,XXYY Klinefelter patients. Am J Med Genet 98: 25\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30339","volume":"141b","author":"NL Ross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ross NL, Wadekar R, Lopes A, et al, 2006 Methylation of two Homo sapiens-specific X-Y homologous genes in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome (XXY). Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141b: 544\u2013548.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0432","volume":"90","author":"AR Zinn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zinn AR, Ramos P, Elder FF, Kowal K, Samango-Sprouse C, Ross JL, 2005 Androgen receptor CAGn repeat length influences phenotype of 47,XXY (Klinefelter) syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 5041\u20135046.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.10.019","volume":"152","author":"MP Zeger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zeger MP, Zinn AR, Lahlou N, et al, 2008 Effect of ascertainment and genetic features on the phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome. J Pediatr 152: 716\u2013722.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"14040531_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02554.x","volume":"65","author":"AM Wikstrom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wikstrom AM, Painter JN, Raivio T, Aittomaki K, Dunkel, 2006 Genetic features of the X chromosome affect pubertal development and testicular degeneration in adolescent boys with Klinefelter syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 65: 92\u201397.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.15.3181","volume":"22","author":"NL Chamberlain","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chamberlain NL, Driver ED, Miesfeld RL, 1994 The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function. Nucleic Acids Res 22: 3181\u20133186.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01223.x","volume":"34","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Hertz JM, Gravholt CH, 2011 Genotype and phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome \u2014 impact of androgen receptor polymorphism and skewed X inactivation. Int J Androl 34: e642\u2013648.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"14040531_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6208","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1424","volume":"89","author":"M Zitzmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zitzmann M, Depenbusch M, Gromoll J, Nieschlag E, 2004 X-chromosome inactivation patterns and androgen receptor functionality influence phenotype and social characteristics as well as pharmacogenetics of testosterone therapy in Klinefelter patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 6208\u20136217.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33334","volume":"152a","author":"AM Ottesen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ottesen AM, Aksglaede L, Garn I, et al, 2010 Increased number of sex chromosomes affects height in a nonlinear fashion: a study of 305 patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy. Am J Med Genet A 152a: 1206\u20131212.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"14040531_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13206","volume":"508","author":"DW Bellott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bellott DW, Hughes JF, Skaletsky H, et al, 2014 Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators. Nature 508: 494\u2013499.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"14040531_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi039","volume":"12","author":"L Aksglaede","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aksglaede L, Wikstrom AM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Dunkel L, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, 2006 Natural history of seminiferous tubule degeneration in Klinefelter syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 12: 39\u201348.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"14040531_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6263","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2322","volume":"90","author":"JD Schiff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schiff JD, Palermo GD, Veeck LL, Goldstein M, Rosenwaks Z, Schlegel PN, 2005 Success of testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 6263\u20136267.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg029","volume":"9","author":"C Staessen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Staessen C, Tournaye H, Van Assche E, et al, 2003 PGD in 47,XXY Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome patients. Hum Reprod Update 9: 319\u2013330.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"14040531_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2012.00013.x","volume":"1","author":"JT Manning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manning JT, Kilduff LP, Trivers R, 2013 Digit ratio (2D:4D) in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Andrology 1: 94\u201399.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"14040531_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02184.x","volume":"100","author":"I Fennoy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fennoy I, 2011 Testosterone and the child (0\u201312 years) with Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY): a review. Acta Paediatr 100: 846\u2013850.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"14040531_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1795-9_39","volume-title":"Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease","author":"D Guatelli-Steinberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guatelli-Steinberg D, Boyce J, 2012 The Postnatal Endocrine Surge and Its Effects on Subsequent Sexual Growth. In: Preedy V (ed) Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease. 1st ed, Springer-Verlag, New York; pp, 663\u2013680.","edition":"1"},{"key":"14040531_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1684","volume":"40","author":"JD Wilson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilson JD, 2001 Androgens, androgen receptors, and male gender role behavior. Horm Behav 40: 358\u2013366.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"14040531_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031624","volume":"89","author":"N Lahlou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lahlou N, Fennoy I, Carel JC, Roger M, 2004 Inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone, but not testosterone levels, are normal in infants with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 1864\u20131868.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR46","first-page":"39","volume":"64","author":"JL Ross","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ross JL, Samango-Sprouse C, Lahlou N, Kowal K, Elder FF, Zinn A, 2005 Early androgen deficiency in infants and young boys with 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome. Horm Res 64: 39\u201345.","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0310","volume":"57","author":"L Aksglaede","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aksglaede L, Petersen JH, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, 2007 High normal testosterone levels in infants with non-mosaic Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 57: 345\u2013350.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E746","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2103","volume":"96","author":"S Cabrol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cabrol S, Ross JL, Fennoy I, Bouvattier C, Roger M, Lahlou N, 2011 Assessment of Leydig and Sertoli cell functions in infants with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome: insulin-like peptide 3 levels are normal and positively correlated with LH levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: E746\u2013753.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021379","volume":"88","author":"P Christiansen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christiansen P, Andersson AM, Skakkebaek NE, 2003 Longitudinal studies of inhibin B levels in boys and young adults with Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 888\u2013891.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198501000-00022","volume":"19","author":"JA Salbenblatt","year":"1985","unstructured":"Salbenblatt JA, Bender BG, Puck MH, Robinson A, Faiman C, Winter JS, 1985 Pituitary-gonadal function in Klinefelter syndrome before and during puberty. Pediatr Res 19: 82\u201386.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0145","volume":"29","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Kristensen K, Birkebaek NH, et al, 2006 The metabolic syndrome is frequent in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and is associated with abdominal obesity and hypogonadism. Diabetes Care 29: 1591\u20131598.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"14040531_CR52","first-page":"317","volume":"69","author":"AM Wikstrom","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wikstrom AM, Dunkel L, 2008 Testicular function in Klinefelter syndrome. Horm Res 69: 317\u2013326.","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro0775","volume":"4","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Gravholt CH, 2007 Klinefelter syndrome in clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract Urol 4: 192\u2013204.","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Urol"},{"key":"14040531_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2354","volume":"95","author":"S Bhasin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, et al, 2010 Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 2536\u20132559.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02233.x","volume":"100","author":"CH Gravholt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gravholt CH, Jensen AS, Host C, Bojesen A, 2011 Body composition, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Klinefelter syndrome. Acta Paediatr 100: 871\u2013877.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"14040531_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350351","volume":"33","author":"AF Radicioni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Radicioni AF, Ferlin A, Balercia G, et al, 2010 Consensus statement on diagnosis and clinical management of Klinefelter syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 33: 839\u2013850.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"14040531_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.10.011","volume":"90","author":"A Morgentaler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morgentaler A, Miner MM, Caliber M, Guay AT, Khera M, Traish AM, 2015 Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular risk: advances and controversies. Mayo Clin Proc 90: 224\u2013251.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"14040531_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122201","volume":"16","author":"C Host","year":"2014","unstructured":"Host C, Skakkebaek A, Groth KA, Bojesen A, 2014 The role of hypogonadism in Klinefelter syndrome. Asian J Androl 16: 185\u2013191.","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"14040531_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GIM.0000095626.54201.D0","volume":"5","author":"JL Simpson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simpson JL, de la Cruz F, Swerdloff RS, et al, 2003 Klinefelter syndrome: expanding the phenotype and identifying new research directions. Genet Med 5: 460\u2013468.","journal-title":"Genet Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31437","volume":"169","author":"C Samango-Sprouse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samango-Sprouse C, Stapleton EJ, Lawson P, et al, 2015 Positive effects of early androgen therapy on the behavioral phenotype of boys with 47,XXY. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 169:150\u2013157.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35769","volume":"161A","author":"CA Samango-Sprouse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Samango-Sprouse CA, Sadeghin T, Mitchell FL, et al, 2013 Positive effects of short course androgen therapy on the neurodevelopmental outcome in boys with 47,XXY syndrome at 36 and 72 months of age. Am J Med Genet A 161A: 501\u2013508.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"14040531_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1988.tb03447.x","volume":"33","author":"J Nielsen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Pelsen B, Sorensen K, 1988 Follow-up of 30 Klinefelter males treated with testosterone. Clin Genet 33: 262\u2013269.","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.4.1.17","volume":"4","author":"AW Meikle","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meikle AW, Dobs AS, Arver S, Caramelli KE, Sanders SW, Mazer NA, 1998 Androgen replacement in the treatment of Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome: efficacy and safety of a nonscrotal permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system. Endocr Pract 4: 17\u201322.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"14040531_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.015","volume":"191","author":"A Mehta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mehta A, Clearman T, Paduch DA, 2014 Safety and efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome. J Urol 191: Suppl 5: 1527\u20131531.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"14040531_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02274.x","volume":"100","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Gravholt CH, 2011 Morbidity and mortality in Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY). Acta Paediatr 100: 807\u2013813.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"14040531_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12503","volume":"81","author":"V Muraleedharan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muraleedharan V, Jones TH, 2014 Testosterone and mortality. Clin Endocrinol 81: 477\u2013487.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji240","volume":"97","author":"AJ Swerdlow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, Higgins CD, Wright AF, Jacobs PA, 2005 Cancer incidence and mortality in men with Klinefelter syndrome: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 97: 1204\u20131210.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"14040531_CR68","first-page":"44","volume":"11","author":"V De Sanctis","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Sanctis V, Fiscina B, Soliman A, Giovannini M, Yassin M, 2013 Klinefelter syndrome and cancer: from childhood to adulthood. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 11: 44\u201350.","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"14040531_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1989","volume":"135","author":"P Kaatsch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaatsch P, Hafner C, Calaminus G, Blettner M, Tulla M, 2015 Pediatric germ cell tumors from 1987 to 2011: incidence rates, time trends, and survival. Pediatrics 135: e136\u2013143.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"14040531_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31103","volume":"140","author":"TM Volkl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Volkl TM, Langer T, Aigner T, et al, 2006 Klinefelter syndrome and mediastinal germ cell tumors. Am J Med Genet A 140: 471\u2013481.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"14040531_CR71","first-page":"42","volume":"16","author":"N Weidner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weidner N, 1999 Germ-cell tumors of the mediastinum. Semin Diagn Pathol 16: 42\u201350.","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"14040531_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1987.5.8.1290","volume":"5","author":"CR Nichols","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nichols CR, Heerema NA, Palmer C, Loehrer PJ, Sr, Williams SD, Einhorn LH, 1987 Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome associated with mediastinal germ cell neoplasms. J Clin Oncol 5: 1290\u20131294.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"14040531_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.1.54","volume":"92","author":"JT Hartmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hartmann JT, Nichols CR, Droz JP, et al, 2000 Hematologic disorders associated with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 92: 54\u201361.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"14040531_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-4608(02)00626-X","volume":"139","author":"YK Keung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keung YK, Buss D, Chauvenet A, Pettenati M, 2002 Hematologic malignancies and Klinefelter syndrome, a chance association? Cancer Genet Cytogenet 139: 9\u201313.","journal-title":"Cancer Genet Cytogenet"},{"key":"14040531_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20312","volume":"101","author":"SH Giordano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Giordano SH, Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G, Hortobagyi GN, 2004 Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study. Cancer 101: 51\u201357.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"14040531_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2930","volume":"13","author":"J White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White J, Kearins O, Dodwell D, Horgan K, Hanby AM, Speirs V, 2011 Male breast carcinoma: increased awareness needed. Breast Cancer Res 13: 219.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR77","first-page":"472","volume":"54","author":"DD Bauer","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bauer DD, Erickson RL, 1955 Male breast cancer; Klinefelter syndrome with prostatic, adrenal and mammary tumors. Northwest Med 54: 472\u2013476.","journal-title":"Northwest Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.85","volume":"71","author":"H Hasle","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hasle H, Mellemgaard A, Nielsen J, Hansen J, 1995 Cancer incidence in men with Klinefelter syndrome. Br J Cancer 71: 416\u2013420.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"14040531_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.02131.x","volume":"100","author":"LA Brinton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brinton LA, 2011 Breast cancer risk among patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Acta Paediatr 100: 814\u2013818.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"14040531_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910530403","volume":"53","author":"AJ Sasco","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sasco AJ, Lowenfels AB, Pasker-de Jong P, 1993 Review article: epidemiology of male breast cancer. A meta-analysis of published case-control studies and discussion of selected aetiological factors. Int J Cancer 53: 538\u2013549.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"14040531_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2010.02.002","volume":"36","author":"C Gomez-Raposo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gomez-Raposo C, Zambrana Tevar F, Sereno Moyano M, Lopez Gomez M, Casado E, 2010 Male breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 36: 451\u2013457.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"14040531_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.37.4.246","volume":"37","author":"DB Evans","year":"1987","unstructured":"Evans DB, Crichlow RW, 1987 Carcinoma of the male breast and Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome: is there an association? CA Cancer J Clin 37: 246\u2013251.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"14040531_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliassen AH, Missmer SA, Tworoger SS et al, Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 4: 1406\u201315.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj376"},{"key":"14040531_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.8.606","volume":"94","author":"T Key","year":"2002","unstructured":"Key T, Appleby P, Barnes I, Reeves G, 2002 Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 94: 606\u2013616.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"14040531_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1951.03670010011002","volume":"146","author":"CJ Mc","year":"1951","unstructured":"Mc CJ, Higgins CC, 1951 Bilateral carcinoma of male breast after estrogen therapy. J Am Med Assoc 146: 7\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"14040531_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116360","volume":"135","author":"DB Thomas","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thomas DB, Jimenez LM, McTiernan A, et al, 1992 Breast cancer in men: risk factors with hormonal implications. Am J Epidemiol 135: 734\u2013748.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"14040531_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh336","volume":"96","author":"SA Missmer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Missmer SA, Eliassen AH, Barbieri RL, Hankinson SE, 2004 Endogenous estrogen, androgen, and progesterone concentrations and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 96: 1856\u20131865.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"14040531_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-005-9074-y","volume":"96","author":"M Medras","year":"2006","unstructured":"Medras M, Filus A, Jozkow P, Winowski J, Sicinska-Werner T, 2006 Breast cancer and long-term hormonal treatment of male hypogonadism. Breast Cancer Res Treat 96: 263\u2013265.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"14040531_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000160","volume":"22","author":"S Vandewalle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vandewalle S, De Schepper J, Kaufman JM, 2015 Androgens and obesity in male adolescents. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 22: 230\u2013237.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"14040531_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari R, Kelley GA, Hartley TA, Rockett IR, 2014 Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased breast cancer risk: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Breast Cancer 2014: ID 189384.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/189384"},{"key":"14040531_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00013","volume":"137","author":"SH Giordano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Giordano SH, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN, 2002 Breast cancer in men. Ann Intern Med 137: 678\u2013687.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200010000-00009","volume":"106","author":"JM Pensler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pensler JM, Silverman BL, Sanghavi J, et al, 2000 Estrogen and progesterone receptors in gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 106: 1011\u20131013.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"14040531_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1974.03230450043024","volume":"229","author":"HT Lynch","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lynch HT, Kaplan AR, Lynch JF, 1974 Klinefelter syndrome and cancer. A family study. JAMA 229: 809\u2013811.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"14040531_CR94","first-page":"293","volume":"1","author":"C Huggins","year":"1941","unstructured":"Huggins C, Hodges CV, 1941 Studies on prostatic cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1: 293\u2013297.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.39.4.330","volume":"39","author":"WH Price","year":"1985","unstructured":"Price WH, Clayton JF, Wilson J, Collyer S, De Mey R, 1985 Causes of death in X chromatin positive males (Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome). J Epidemiol Community Health 39: 330\u2013336.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"14040531_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38275-7","volume":"145","author":"EJ Pienkos","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pienkos EJ, Meisner LF, 1991 Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in a 41-year-old man with XXY karyotype and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: report of a case. J Urol 145: 148\u2013150.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"14040531_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.1999.06314.x","volume":"6","author":"K Namiki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Namiki K, Tsuchiya A, Noda K, et al, 1999 Extragonadal germ cell tumor of the prostate associated with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Int J Urol 6: 158\u2013161.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"14040531_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03985.x","volume":"77","author":"SA Bydder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bydder SA, Joseph DJ, Weinstein S, Stuckey BG, 2007 Prostate cancer following testosterone replacement in Klinefelter syndrome. ANZ J Surg 77: 93\u201394.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"14040531_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00693-9","volume":"62","author":"JJ Hwang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hwang JJ, Dharmawardana PG, Uchio EM, Wynberg J, Phillips JL, 2003 Prostate cancer in Klinefelter syndrome during hormonal replacement therapy. Urology 62: 941.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"14040531_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm323","volume":"100","author":"AW Roddam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P, Key TJ, 2008 Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 100: 170\u2013183.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"14040531_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.10.783","volume":"93","author":"AW Hsing","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hsing AW, Chua S, Jr, Gao YT, et al, 2001 Prostate cancer risk and serum levels of insulin and leptin: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 783\u2013789.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"14040531_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-006-0049-z","volume":"17","author":"RJ MacInnis","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacInnis RJ, English DR, 2006 Body size and composition and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Cancer Causes Control 17: 989\u20131003.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"14040531_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2575","volume":"95","author":"MM Fernandez-Balsells","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fernandez-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Lane M, et al, 2010 Clinical review 1: Adverse effects of testosterone therapy in adult men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 2560\u20132575.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0488","volume":"169","author":"R Selice","year":"2013","unstructured":"Selice R, Caretta N, Di Mambro A, et al, 2013 Prostate volume and growth during testosterone replacement therapy is related to visceral obesity in Klinefelter syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 169: 743\u2013749.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E518","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2780","volume":"100","author":"M Zitzmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zitzmann M, Bongers R, Werler S, et al, 2015 Gene expression patterns in relation to the clinical phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100: E518\u2013523.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.01.051","volume":"71","author":"T Ishikawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi K, Kondo Y, Takenaka A, Fujisawa M, 2008 Metabolic syndrome in men with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Urology 71: 1109\u20131113.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"14040531_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.120675","volume":"93","author":"L Aksglaede","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aksglaede L, Molgaard C, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A, 2008 Normal bone mineral content but unfavourable muscle\/fat ratio in Klinefelter syndrome. Arch Dis Child 93: 30\u201334.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"14040531_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2013.54.6.1331","volume":"54","author":"DG Jo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jo DG, Lee HS, Joo YM, Seo JT, 2013 Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. Yonsei Med J 54: 1331\u20131335.","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"14040531_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12305","volume":"47","author":"M Naifar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naifar M, Rekik N, Messedi M, et al, 2015 Male hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome. Andrologia 47: 579\u2013586.","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"14040531_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1036","volume":"27","author":"DE Laaksonen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, et al, 2014 Testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin predict the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetes Care 27: 1036\u20131041.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"14040531_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.3.356","volume":"287","author":"ES Ford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH, 2002 Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 287: 356\u2013359.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"14040531_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2444","volume":"27","author":"ES Ford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH, 2004 Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among u.s. Adults. Diabetes Care 27: 2444\u20132449.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"14040531_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1981.tb00709.x","volume":"19","author":"WA Campbell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Campbell WA, Price WH, 1981 Venous thromboembolic disease in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Clin Genet 19: 275\u2013280.","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"14040531_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00237-0","volume":"51","author":"CH Gravholt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gravholt CH, Juul S, Naeraa RW, Hansen J, 1998 Morbidity in Turner syndrome. J Clin Epidemiol 51: 147\u2013158.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"14040531_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1059","volume":"33","author":"KH Mortensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mortensen KH, Andersen NH, Gravholt CH, 2012 Cardiovascular phenotype in Turner syndrome\u2014integrating cardiology, genetics, and endocrinology. Endocr Rev 33: 677\u2013714.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"14040531_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.32.3.281","volume":"32","author":"R Emanuel","year":"1970","unstructured":"Emanuel R, 1970 Genetics and congenital heart disease. Br Heart J 32: 281\u2013291.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"14040531_CR117","first-page":"e15","volume":"52","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Dekam MJ, 2011 Multiple cardiac anomalies in an elderly man with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Singapore Med J 52: e15\u201317.","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"14040531_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(72)80509-2","volume":"80","author":"A Rosenthal","year":"1972","unstructured":"Rosenthal A, 1972 Cardiovascular malformations in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome: report of three cases. J Pediatr 80: 471\u2013473.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"14040531_CR119","first-page":"8260","volume":"2","author":"GR Fricke","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fricke GR, Mattern HJ, Schweikert HU, 1981 Mitral valve prolapse in Klinefelter syndrome. Lancet 2: 8260\u20138261.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14040531_CR120","first-page":"88","volume":"38","author":"GR Fricke","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fricke GR, Mattern HJ, Schweikert HU, Schwanitz G, 1984 Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and mitral valve prolapse, an echocardiographic study in twenty-two patients. Biomed Pharmacother 38: 88\u201397.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"14040531_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03211.x","volume":"69","author":"NH Andersen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andersen NH, Bojesen A, Kristensen K, et al, 2008. Left ventricular dysfunction in Klinefelter syndrome is associated to insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity and hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol 69: 785\u2013791.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.09.215","volume":"168","author":"D Pasquali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pasquali D, Arcopinto M, Renzullo A, et al, 2013 Cardiovascular abnormalities in Klinefelter syndrome. Int J Cardiol 168: 754\u2013759.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"14040531_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.113233","volume":"126","author":"MA Rosenberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosenberg MA, Manning WJ, 2012 Diastolic dysfunction and risk of atrial fibrillation: a mechanistic appraisal. Circulation 126: 2353\u20132362.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"14040531_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12580","volume":"38","author":"IN Jorgensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jorgensen IN, Skakkebaek A, Andersen NH, et al, 2015 Short QTc Interval in Males with Klinefelter syndrome-Influence of CAG Repeat Length, Body Composition, and Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 38: 472\u2013482.","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"14040531_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.02.039","volume":"145","author":"T Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu T, Shehata M, Li G, Wang X, 2010 Androgens and atrial fibrillation: friends or foes? Int J Cardiol 145: 365\u2013367.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"14040531_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20423","volume":"32","author":"J Lai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lai J, Zhou D, Xia S, et al, 2009 Reduced testosterone levels in males with lone atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol 32: 43\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"14040531_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2012.42.8.562","volume":"42","author":"BS Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang BS, Cho DK, Koh WJ, et al, 2012 A case of severe pulmonary thromboembolism in a young male with Klinefelter syndrome. Korean Circ J 42: 562\u2013564.","journal-title":"Korean Circ J"},{"key":"14040531_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-200301000-00017","volume":"14","author":"M Lapecorella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lapecorella M, Marino R, De Pergola G, Scaraggi FA, Speciale V, De Mitrio V, 2003 Severe venous thromboembolism in a young man with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and heterozygosis for both G20210A prothrombin and factor V Leiden mutations. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 14: 95\u201398.","journal-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"14040531_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.177","volume":"166","author":"S Okayama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Okayama S, Uemura S, Saito Y, 2013 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mesenteric venous thrombosis in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome. Int J Cardiol 166: e50\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"14040531_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31828318cd","volume":"346","author":"A Seth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seth A, Rajpal S, Penn RL, 2013 Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and venous thrombosis. Am J Med Sci 346: 164\u2013165.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"14040531_CR131","first-page":"115","volume":"24","author":"WA Campbell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Campbell WA, Newton MS, Price WH, 1980 Hypostatic leg ulceration and Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res 24: 115\u2013117.","journal-title":"J Ment Defic Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)00917-0","volume":"38","author":"N Walker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walker N, Rodgers A, Birchall N, Norton R, MacMahon S, 2003 Leg ulceration as a long-term complication of deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 38: 1331\u20131335.","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"14040531_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(56)92048-7","volume":"271","author":"T Astrup","year":"1956","unstructured":"Astrup T, 1956 The biological significance of fibrinolysis. Lancet 271: 565\u2013568.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14040531_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656192","volume":"2","author":"T Astrup","year":"1958","unstructured":"Astrup T, 1958 The haemostatic balance. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 2: 347\u2013357.","journal-title":"Thromb Diath Haemorrh"},{"key":"14040531_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07323.x","volume":"143","author":"CN Bagot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bagot CN, Arya R, 2008 Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. Br J Haematol. 143: 180\u2013190.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"14040531_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709204","volume":"117","author":"W Ageno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ageno W, Becattini C, Brighton T, Selby R, Kamphuisen PW, 2008 Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation 117: 93\u2013102.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"14040531_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.10.1182","volume":"162","author":"AW Tsai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tsai AW, Cushman M, Rosamond WD, Heckbert SR, Polak JF, Folsom AR, 2002 Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism incidence: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology. Arch Intern Med 162: 1182\u20131189.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(89)90014-0","volume":"38","author":"P Caron","year":"1989","unstructured":"Caron P, Bennet A, Camare R, Louvet JP, Boneu B, Sie P, 1989 Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma is related to testosterone in men. Metabolism 38: 1010\u20131015.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"14040531_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90232-8","volume":"46","author":"G De Pergola","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Pergola G, De Mitrio V, Sciaraffia M, et al, 1997 Lower androgenicity is associated with higher plasma levels of prothrombotic factors irrespective of age, obesity, body fat distribution, and related metabolic parameters in men. Metabolism 46: 1287\u20131293.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"14040531_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb14940.x","volume":"136","author":"TM Zollner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zollner TM, Veraart JC, Wolter M, et al, 1997 Leg ulcers in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome\u2014further evidence for an involvement of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Br J Dermatol 136: 341\u2013344.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"14040531_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(09)70143-4","volume":"123","author":"HR Lijnen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lijnen HR, 2009 Role of fibrinolysis in obesity and thrombosis. Thromb Res 123: Suppl 4: S46\u201349.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61963-2","volume":"375","author":"MJ Grainge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grainge MJ, West J, Card TR, 2010 Venous thromboembolism during active disease and remission in inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Lancet 375: 657\u2013663.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14040531_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-011-0582-y","volume":"7","author":"MN Di Minno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Di Minno MN, Tufano A, Ageno W, Prandoni P, Di Minno G, 2012 Identifying high-risk individuals for cardiovascular disease: similarities between venous and arterial thrombosis in perspective. A 2011 update. Intern Emerg Med 7: 9\u201313.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR144","unstructured":"Oral Contraceptives in the Nineties: Metabolic Aspects \u2014 Facts and Fiction. In: Skouby SO, Jespersen J (eds) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 163: Suppl 2: 273\u2013446."},{"key":"14040531_CR145","unstructured":"Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Disease. From Myth to Realities. In: Heimerhorst FM, Kluft C, Creatsas G, Jespersen J, Skouby SO, Bloemenkamp K (eds). Gynecological Endocrinology 10: Suppl 2: 1\u2013186."},{"key":"14040531_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-10-0667","volume":"101","author":"I Agledahl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agledahl I, Brodin E, Svartberg J, Hansen JB, 2009 Plasma free tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) levels and TF-induced thrombin generation ex vivo in men with low testosterone levels. Thromb Haemost 101: 471\u2013477.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"14040531_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.12.1252","volume":"167","author":"AB Araujo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Araujo AB, Kupelian V, Page ST, Handelsman DJ, Bremner WJ, McKinlay JB, 2007 Sex steroids and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in men. Arch Intern Med 167: 1252\u20131260.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.05.005","volume":"63","author":"CJ Glueck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Glueck CJ, Wang P, 2014 Testosterone therapy, thrombosis, thrombophilia, cardiovascular events. Metabolism 63: 989\u2013994.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"14040531_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000485","volume":"363","author":"S Basaria","year":"2010","unstructured":"Basaria S, Coviello AD, Travison TG, et al, 2010 Adverse events associated with testosterone administration. N Engl J Med 363: 109\u2013122.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085805","volume":"9","author":"WD Finkle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Finkle WD, Greenland S, Ridgeway GK, et al, 2014 Increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction following testosterone therapy prescription in men. PLoS One 9: e85805.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"14040531_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280386","volume":"310","author":"R Vigen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vigen R, O\u2019Donnell CI, Baron AE, et al, 2013 Association of testosterone therapy with mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke in men with low testosterone levels. JAMA 310: 1829\u20131836.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"14040531_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-108","volume":"11","author":"L Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu L, Freeman G, Cowling BJ, Schooling CM, 2013 Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular events among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. BMC Med 11: 108.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"14040531_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.086660","volume":"126","author":"K Kappert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kappert K, Bohm M, Schmieder R, et al, 2012 Impact of sex on cardiovascular outcome in patients at high cardiovascular risk: analysis of the Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE-Intolerant Subjects With Cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) and the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination With Ramipril Global End Point Trial (ONTARGET). Circulation 126: 934\u2013941.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"14040531_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb07799.x","volume":"120","author":"EJ Higgins","year":"1989","unstructured":"Higgins EJ, Tidman MJ, Savidge GF, Beard J, MacDonald DM, 1989 Platelet hyperaggregability in two patients with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome complicated by leg ulcers. Br J Dermatol 120: 322.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"14040531_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04098.x","volume":"117","author":"PG Norris","year":"1987","unstructured":"Norris PG, Rivers JK, Machin S, Dowd PM, Griffiths WA, 1987 Platelet hyperaggregability in a patient with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and leg ulcers. Br J Dermatol 117: 107\u2013109.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"14040531_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2004.00836.x","volume":"2","author":"P Ferroni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ferroni P, Basili S, Falco A, Davi G, 2004 Platelet activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Thromb Haemost 2: 1282\u20131291.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"14040531_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0441","volume":"213","author":"AE Campelo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Campelo AE, Cutini PH, Massheimer VL, 2012 Testosterone modulates platelet aggregation and endothelial cell growth through nitric oxide pathway. J Endocrinol 213: 77\u201387.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.11.2742","volume":"91","author":"AA Ajayi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ajayi AA, Mathur R, Halushka PV, 1995 Testosterone increases human platelet thromboxane A2 receptor density and aggregation responses. Circulation 91: 2742\u20132747.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"14040531_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.262","volume":"26","author":"S Khosla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khosla S, Melton LJ, Riggs BL, 2011 The unitary model for estrogen deficiency and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: is a revision needed? J Bone Miner Res 26: 441\u2013451.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0173","volume":"91","author":"HA Fink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fink HA, Ewing SK, Ensrud KE, et al, 2006. Association of testosterone and estradiol deficiency with osteoporosis and rapid bone loss in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 3908\u20133915.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinnesael M, Claessens F, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D. Novel insights in the regulation and mechanism of androgen action on bone. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 20: 240\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32835f7d04"},{"key":"14040531_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060110","volume":"21","author":"D Meilstrom","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meilstrom D, Johnell O, Ljunggren O, et al, 2006 Free testosterone is an independent predictor of BMD and prevalent fractures in elderly men: MrOS Sweden. J Bone Miner Res 21: 529\u2013535.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2272","volume":"29","author":"VV Shanbhogue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shanbhogue VV, Hansen S, Jorgensen NR, Brixen K, Gravholt CH, 2014 Bone geometry, volumetric density, microarchitecture, and estimated bone strength assessed by HR-pQCT in Klinefelter syndrome. J Bone Miner Res 29: 2474\u20132482.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(00)00235-9","volume":"68","author":"V Breuil","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breuil V, Euller-Ziegler L, 2001 Gonadal dysgenesis and bone metabolism. Joint Bone Spine 68: 26\u201333.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"14040531_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1354-7","volume":"22","author":"A Bojesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Birkebaek N, Kristensen K, et al, 2011 Bone mineral density in Klinefelter syndrome is reduced and primarily determined by muscle strength and resorptive markers, but not directly by testosterone. Osteoporos Int 22: 1441\u20131450.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"14040531_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3136-8","volume":"26","author":"A Ferlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferlin A, Seiice R, Di Mambro A, et al, 2015 Role of vitamin D levels and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in Klinefelter syndrome. Osteoporos Int 26: 2193\u20132202.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"14040531_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E739","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1878","volume":"96","author":"A Ferlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferlin A, Schipilliti M, Vinanzi C, et al, 2011 Bone mass in subjects with Klinefelter syndrome: role of testosterone levels and androgen receptor gene CAG polymorphism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: E739\u2013745.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06584.x","volume":"99","author":"JT Seo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seo JT, Lee JS, Oh TH, Joo KJ, 2007 The clinical significance of bone mineral density and testosterone levels in Korean men with non-mosaic Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. BJU Int 99: 141\u2013146.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"14040531_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00204.x","volume":"2","author":"S Overvad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Overvad S, Bay K, Bojesen A, Gravholt CH, 2014 Low INSL3 in Klinefelter syndrome is related to osteocalcin, testosterone treatment and body composition, as well as measures of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Andrology 2: 421\u2013427.","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"14040531_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170158","volume":"12","author":"JP van den Bergh","year":"2001","unstructured":"van den Bergh JP, Hermus AR, Spruyt AI, Sweep CG, Corstens FH, Smals AG, 2001 Bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound parameters in patients with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome after long-term testosterone substitution. Osteoporos Int 12: 55\u201362.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"14040531_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211192","volume":"100","author":"A Kubler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kubler A, Schulz G, Cordes U, Beyer J, Krause U, 1992 The influence of testosterone substitution on bone mineral density in patients with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol 100: 129\u2013132.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"14040531_CR172","first-page":"254","volume":"33","author":"A Friedman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Friedman A, Waksman Y, 1997 Sex hormones and autoimmunity. Isr J Med Sci 33: 254\u2013257.","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"14040531_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2009.01452.x","volume":"13","author":"HF Al-Arfaj","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al-Arfaj HF, 2010 Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis: report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Rheum Dis 13: 86\u201388.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"14040531_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05292.x","volume":"1193","author":"J Rovensky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rovensky J, Imrich R, Lazurova I, Payer J, 2010 Rheumatic diseases and Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1193: 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"14040531_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23701","volume":"58","author":"RH Scofield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, et al, 2008 Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum 58: 2511\u20132517.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"14040531_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11105","volume":"48","author":"RW McMurray","year":"2003","unstructured":"McMurray RW, May W, 2003 Sex hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus: review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 48: 2100\u20132110.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"14040531_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.006","volume":"33","author":"AH Sawalha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawalha AH, Harley JB, Scofield RH, 2009 Autoimmunity and Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome: when men have two X chromosomes. J Autoimmun 33: 31\u201334.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"14040531_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202351","volume":"72","author":"OJ Rullo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rullo OJ, Tsao BP, 2013 Recent insights into the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 72: Suppl 2: 56\u201361.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"14040531_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22510","volume":"56","author":"KH Costenbader","year":"2007","unstructured":"Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Karlson EW, 2007 Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Arthritis Rheum 56: 1251\u20131262.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"14040531_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-1-32","volume":"64","author":"A Bizzarro","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bizzarro A, Valentini G, Di Martino G, DaPonte A, De Bellis A, Iacono G, 1987 Influence of testosterone therapy on clinical and immunological features of autoimmune diseases associated with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64: 32\u201336.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/ar328","volume":"3","author":"FJ Jimenez-Balderas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jimenez-Balderas FJ, Tapia-Serrano R, Fonseca ME, et al, 2001 High frequency of association of rheumatic\/autoimmune diseases and untreated male hypogonadism with severe testicular dysfunction. Arthritis Res 3: 362\u2013367.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res"},{"key":"14040531_CR182","first-page":"448","volume":"12","author":"IH Kocar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kocar IH, Yesilova Z, Ozata M, Turan M, Sengul A, Ozdemir I, 2000 The effect of testosterone replacement treatment on immunological features of patients with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 12: 448\u2013452.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"14040531_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0365","volume":"94","author":"AM Bjorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bjorn AM, Bojesen A, Gravholt CH, Laurberg P, 2009 Hypothyroidism secondary to hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction may be part of the phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome: a case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 2478\u20132481.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1262","volume":"90","author":"M El-Mansoury","year":"2005","unstructured":"El-Mansoury M, Bryman I, Berntorp K, Hanson C, Wilhelmsen L, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, 2005. Hypothyroidism is common in Turner syndrome: results of a five-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 2131\u20132135.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"14040531_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev192","volume":"30","author":"MH Viuff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viuff MH, Stochholm K, Uldbjerg N, Nielsen BB, Danish Fetal Medicine Study Group, Gravholt CH, 2015 Only a minority of sex chromosome abnormalities are detected by a national prenatal screening program for Down syndrome. Hum Reprod 30: 2419\u20132426.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"}],"container-title":["Hormones"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.14310\/horm.2002.1622.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.14310\/horm.2002.1622\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.14310\/horm.2002.1622.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T15:39:09Z","timestamp":1739115549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.14310\/horm.2002.1622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["14040531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14310\/horm.2002.1622","relation":{},"ISSN":["1109-3099","2520-8721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1109-3099","type":"print"},{"value":"2520-8721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 June 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}