{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:36:20Z","timestamp":1772825780146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"UCL Press","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["UCL Open Environ"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic was one of the most severe public health emergencies in modern times. The economic impact of epidemics has mostly been analysed at the macroeconomic level. Conversely, we aimed to estimate the economic costs of preventive measures of the epidemic to an extractive firm, ArcelorMittal (AM), using data in the epidemic region from March 2014 to December 2015. AM is the world\u2019s largest steel producer and is particularly important in West Africa, where the extractive industry is economically crucial.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Qualitative methods, in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs), were used to investigate the events and channels of impact of the epidemic on the firm, as perceived by employees and contractors. Quantitative data regarding these costs were also collected. Retrospective cost analysis estimated the actual cost of preventive methods adopted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most respondents indicated the largest cost impact was suspension of the Phase II expansion, a series of projects designed to increase iron ore production in Liberia. The next largest cost was the preventive measures adopted to counter disease spread. Total costs incurred for adopting preventive measures were USD 10.58\u201311.11 million. The overall direct costs of preventive measures adopted within the fence, meaning within the physical boundary of the firm\u2019s sites, shared 30\u201331% of the total costs incurred. The share of external donations supporting humanitarian response was 11\u201312% of the total costs, followed by 7\u201312% of relational costs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The firm\u2019s response during the EVD epidemic focussed on its employees and operations, which was later expanded to the wider community and then in supporting the international humanitarian response.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.14324\/111.444\/ucloe.000007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T06:00:11Z","timestamp":1589436011000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Economic impact of Ebola virus disease outbreak on an extractive firm: a case study"],"prefix":"10.14324","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6835-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"THINKLab, The University of Salford, Maxwell Building, The Crescent, 7 Floor, Salford M5 4WT, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Disaster Resilience, The University of Salford, The Crescent, Salford M5 4WT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Tresco","family":"Emes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Department of International Development and Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2557-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yebeen Ysabelle","family":"Boo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Aceso Global Health Consultants Ltd, 3 Abbey Terrace, London SE2 9EY, UK"},{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Light","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bedfordshire NHS Foundation Trust, Bedford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zia","family":"Sadique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15\u201317 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mishal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15\u201317 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ArcelorMittal, 7 Floor, Berkeley Square House, Berkeley Square, London W1J 6DA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chatham House, 10 St. James\u2019 Square, St. James\u2019s, London SW1Y 4LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Logan","family":"Manikam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Aceso Global Health Consultants Ltd, 3 Abbey Terrace, London SE2 9EY, UK"},{"name":"Chatham House, 10 St. James\u2019 Square, St. James\u2019s, London SW1Y 4LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5433","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411100","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in West Africa \u2013 the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections","volume":"371","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO) Ebola Response Team","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"r2","volume-title":"The economic impact of Ebola on sub-Saharan Africa: updated estimates for 2015","author":"MR Thomas","year":"2015"},{"issue":"50","key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0142","article-title":"Modelling the influence of human behaviour on the spread of infectious diseases: a review","volume":"7","author":"S Funk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"r4","volume-title":"The economic impact of Ebola on sub-Saharan Africa","author":"World Bank","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","first-page":"251","article-title":"Mining and emerging infectious diseases: results of the infectious disease risk assessment and management (IDRAM) initiative pilot","volume":"4","author":"F Viliani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Extr Ind Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003056","article-title":"Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea: where ecology meets economy","volume":"8","author":"DG Bausch","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"r7","volume-title":"One year into the Ebola epidemic: a deadly, tenacious and unforgiving virus","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"r8","volume-title":"Estimating future cases","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2014"},{"key":"r9","volume-title":"Statement on the 1st meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee on the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"r10","volume-title":"UN senior leaders outline needs for global Ebola response","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"r11","volume-title":"Ebola outbreak ends in Guinea, says WHO","author":"BBC News","year":"2015"},{"key":"r12","volume-title":"Cases in Guinea end West Africa\u2019s short-lived Ebola-free status","author":"CIDRAP","year":"2016"},{"key":"r13","volume-title":"Latest Ebola outbreak over in Liberia; West Africa is at zero, but new flare-ups are likely to occur","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"r14","volume-title":"New positive case of Ebola virus disease confirmed in Liberia","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"The Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak and the Mineral Sectors of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone","author":"O Berm\u00fadez-Lugo","DOI":"10.3133\/fs20153033"},{"key":"r16","volume-title":"Government of Sierra 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simple: the Ebola Private Sector Mobilisation Group story","author":"A Knight","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["UCL Open Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/scienceopen.com\/document_file\/6f22356b-36a1-4a66-a683-f7156b77ba38\/ScienceOpen\/ucloe-02-007.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ucl.scienceopen.com\/hosted-document?doi=10.14324\/111.444\/ucloe.000007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:34:51Z","timestamp":1706866491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.uclpress.co.uk\/ucloe\/article\/id\/1354\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14324\/111.444\/ucloe.000007","relation":{},"ISSN":["2632-0886"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2632-0886","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}