{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T21:31:51Z","timestamp":1740173511883,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Endocrinology Research Centre","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.probl-endojournals.ru\/jour\/about\/editorialPolicies#openAccessPolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.probl-endojournals.ru"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread around the world since was first scientifically described in December 2019. At present approximately 400 million people have suffered from the disease, almost 6 million people have died.<\/jats:p><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the serine protease TMPRSS2 for S protein priming. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in several endocrine glands, including the pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, ovaries, and testes. Thus, the endocrine glands may be a direct target for SARS-CoV-2. The main risk factors for severity of the COVID-19 are obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), vertebral fractures, which potentially predisposes patients to a severe course of COVID-19.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this review, we present current data on the course of COVID-19 in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary diseases, and also discuss treatment for endocrinopathies during to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14341\/probl13108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T20:09:50Z","timestamp":1667851790000},"page":"14-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14341\/crossmarkpolicy2018","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pituitary and COVID-19: review"],"prefix":"10.14341","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1792-6419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"U. V.","family":"Buyvalenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5824-6490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. A.","family":"Perepelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-4419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R. A.","family":"Zolotareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6674-6441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zh. E.","family":"Belaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5634-7877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"G. A.","family":"Melnichenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Research Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5458","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho T, Krammer F, Iwasaki A. The first 12 months of COVID-19: a timeline of immunological insights. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(4):245-256. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-021-00522-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00522-1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-273. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30211-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins-Filho PR, Tavares CSS, Santos VS. Factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. A quantitative evidence synthesis of clinical and laboratory data. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:97-99. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.043"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-1720. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37473\/dac\/10.1101\/2020.04.02.20050989","DOI":"10.37473\/dac\/10.1101\/2020.04.02.20050989"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z, et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87(10229):18-22. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turnbull AV, Rivier C. Regulation of the HPA Axis by Cytokines. Brain Behav Immun. 1995;9(4):253-275. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/brbi.1995.1026","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1995.1026"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leow MK-S, Kwek DS-K, Ng AW-K, et al. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(2):197-202. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02325.x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani AS, Mukhtar N, Aljomaiah A, et al. The Impact of COVID-19 Viral Infection on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(2):83-89. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.014"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solorio-Pineda S, Almend\u00e1rez-S\u00e1nchez CA, Tafur-Grandett AA, et al. Pituitary macroadenoma apoplexy in a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-positive testing: Causal or casual? Surg Neurol Int. 2020;11(2):304. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_305_2020","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_305_2020"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taneja C, Fazeli PK, Gardner PA, et al. Rapidly Progressive Pituitary Apoplexy in a Patient with COVID-19 Disease Treated with Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery. J Neurol Surg Reports. 2022;83(01):e8-e12. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1742104","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1742104"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamel WA, Najibullah M, Saleh MS, Azab WA. Coronavirus disease 2019 infection and pituitary apoplexy: A causal relation or just a coincidence? A case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int. 2021;12(01):317. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/SNI_401_2021","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_401_2021"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleseriu M, Buchfelder M, Cetas JS, et al. Pituitary society guidance: pituitary disease management and patient care recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014an international perspective. Pituitary. 2020;23(4):327-337. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-020-01059-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01059-7"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan JL, Gregory KD, Smithson SS, et al. Pituitary apoplexy associated with acute COVID-19 infection and pregnancy. Pituitary. 2020;23(6):716-720. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-020-01080-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-020-01080-w"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cain DW, Cidlowski JA. Immune regulation by glucocorticoids. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(4):233-247. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2017.1","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.1"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang N, Truong-Tran QA, Tancowny B, et al. Glucocorticoids enhance or spare innate immunity: effects in airway epithelium are mediated by CCAAT\/enhancer binding proteins. J Immunol. 2007;179(1):578-589. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.578","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.578"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasenmajer V, Sbardella E, Sciarra F, et al. The Immune System in Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2020;31(9):655-669. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2020.04.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.04.004"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins-Filho PR, Tavares CSS, Santos VS. Factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. A quantitative evidence synthesis of clinical and laboratory data. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:97-99. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.04.043"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fareau GG, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Hypercortisolemia and infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2007;21(3):639-657. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2007.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.06.001"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baglin A, Hanslik T. Systemic corticosteroid treatment and risk of infectious diseases. Rev Med Interne. 2007;28(12):841-851.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2007.05.030"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP. Glucocorticoids and invasive fungal infections. Lancet. 2003;362(9398):1828-1838. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14904-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14904-5"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffensen C, Bak AM, Z\u00f8ylner Rubeck K, J\u00f8rgensen JOL. Epidemiology of Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92(S1):1-5. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000314297","DOI":"10.1159\/000314297"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fardet L, Flahault A, Kettaneh A, et al. Corticosteroid-induced clinical adverse events: frequency, risk factors and patient?s opinion. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(1):142-148. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07950.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07950.x"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan SA, McCabe EL, Gathercole LL, et al. 11\u03b2-HSD1 is the major regulator of the tissue-specific effects of circulating glucocorticoid excess. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111(24):142-148. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1323681111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323681111"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favalli EG, Bugatti S, Klersy C, et al. Impact of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapies on symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large cohort of patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):290. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-020-02395-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02395-6"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nissen CB, Sciascia S, de Andrade D, et al. The role of antirheumatics in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3(6):e447-e459. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00062-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00062-X"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Group RC, Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693-704. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fardet L, Petersen I, Nazareth I. Risk of cardiovascular events in people prescribed glucocorticoids with iatrogenic Cushing\u2019s syndrome: cohort study. BMJ. 2012;345(1):e4928-e4928. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.e4928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4928"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarma P, Bhattacharyya A, Kaur H, et al. Efficacy and safety of steroid therapy in COVID-19: A rapid systematic review and Meta-analysis. Indian J Pharmacol. 2020;52(6):535. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijp.ijp_1146_20","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_1146_20"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peeters B, Boonen E, Langouche L, Van den Berghe G. The HPA axis response to critical illness: New study results with diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015;408(6):235-240. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.11.012"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards C. New Horizons: Does Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation by Cortisol Cause ATP Release and COVID-19 Com- plications? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(3):622-635. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa874","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa874"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funder J. Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors\u2014Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(5):1032. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18051032","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051032"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karan A, Ali K, Rambaran K, et al. COVID-19 and ethnicity: Does reduced responsiveness to glucocorticoids explain the more aggressive nature of disease among minorities? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144(5):110220. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110220"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charmandari E, Kino T, Chrousos GP. Familial\/Sporadic Glucocorticoid Resistance: Clinical Phenotype and Molecular Mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1024(1):168-181. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1321.014","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1321.014"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Ferrigno R, Isidori AM, et al. COVID-19 and Cushing\u2019s syndrome: recommendations for a special population with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(8):654-656. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(20)30215-1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30215-1"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuen KCJ, Blevins LS Jr, Findling JW. Important Management Considerations in Patients with Pituitary Disorders during the Time of the Covid-19 Pandemic. Endocr Pract. 2020;26(8):915-922. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/ep-2020-0308","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2020-0308"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pivonello R, Isidori AM, De Martino MC, et al. Complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: state of the art. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(7):611-629. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00086-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00086-3"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Reincke M, Tabarin A. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: Management of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G1\u20137. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-20-0352","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0352"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarnotta V, Ferrigno R, Martino M, et al. Glucocorticoid excess and COVID-19 disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021;22(4):703-714. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09598-x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, Levy JH. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(6):e438-440. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-3026(20)30145-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30145-9"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner J, Langlois F, Lim DST, et al. Hypercoagulability and Risk of Venous Thromboembolic Events in Endogenous Cushing\u2019s Syndrome: A Systematic Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;9(4):703-714. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00805","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00805"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St-Jean M, Lim DST, Langlois F. Hypercoagulability in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: From arterial to venous disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35(2):101496. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101496"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuno A, Kenmotsu Y, Takahashi Y, et al. Successful management of a patient with active Cushing\u2019s disease complicated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Endocr J. 2021;68(4):477-484. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.EJ20-0613","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ20-0613"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig M. A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus. 2020;68(4):477-484. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.7560","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7560"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, et al. Renin\u2013Angiotensin\u2013Aldosterone System Inhibitors in Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1653-1659. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr2005760"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Shin J-I, Chen TK, et al. Association Between Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade Discontinuation and All-Cause Mortality Among Persons With Low Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(5):718. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0193","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0193"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"European Society of Cardiology. Position statement of the ESC council on hypertension on ACE-inhibitors and angio- tensin receptor blockers [Internet]. Sophia Antipolis: ESC; 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.es-cardio.org\/Councils\/Council-on-Hypertension-(CHT)\/News\/position-statement-of-the-esc-council-on-hyperten-sion-on-ace-inhibitors-and-ang"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Formenti AM, Pedone E, di Filippo L, et al. Are women with osteoporosis treated with denosumab at risk of severe COVID-19? Endocrine. 2020;70(2):203-205. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02500-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02500-4"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belaya Z, Golounina O, Melnichenko G, et al. Clinical course and outcome of patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome infected with novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): case presentations. Endocrine. 2021;72(1):12-19. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-021-02674-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02674-5"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb BJ, Peltan ID, Jensen P, et al. Clinical criteria for COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome: a cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(12):e754-e763. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30343-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30343-X"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Filette JMK, Sol B, Awada G, et al. COVID-19 and Cushing\u2019s disease in a patient with ACTH-secreting pituitary carcinoma. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Reports. 2022;2022(2):203-205. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EDM-21-0182","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-21-0182"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beretta F, Dassie F, Parolin M, et al. Practical Considerations for the Management of Cushing\u2019s Disease and COVID-19: A Case Report. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11(2):203-205. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.00554","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00554"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li G, Zhou L, Zhang C, et al. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Regulates Acute Inflammatory Lung Injury Mediated by Influenza Virus Infection. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2541. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02541","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02541"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm\u2019 in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607-613. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.037"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinman G. COVID-19 and autism. Med Hypotheses. 2020;142(6):109797. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109797"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennighausen L, Lee HK. Activation of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Ace2 by Cytokines Through Pan JAK-STAT Enhancers. SSRN Electron J. 2020. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3601827","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3601827"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees PJ, Hay JG, Webb JR. Acute exacerbation of upper airway obstruction in acromegaly. Postgrad Med J. 1982;58(681):429-430. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.58.681.429","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.58.681.429"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luty J, Hayward L, Jackson M, Duell PB. Severe respiratory failure in a patient with COVID-19 and acromegaly: rapid improvement after adding octreotide. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(8):e243900. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-243900","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-243900"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giustina A, Legg E, Cesana BM, et al. Results from ACROCOVID: an international survey on the care of acromegaly during the COVID-19 era. Endocrine. 2021;71(2):273-280. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02565-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02565-1"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodish MB. How do clinicians integrate oral octreotide into their treatment plan for acromegaly? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(2):86-87. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00319-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00319-3"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swart RM, Hoorn EJ, Betjes MG, Zietse R. Hyponatremia and inflammation: the emerging role of interleukin-6 in osmoregulation. Nephron Physiol. 2011;118(2):45-51. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000322238","DOI":"10.1159\/000322238"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frontera JA, Valdes E, Huang J, et al. Prevalence and Impact of Hyponatremia in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in New York City. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(12):e1211-e1217. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004605","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004605"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voets PJ, Fr\u00f6lke SC, Vogtl\u00e4nder NP, Kaasjager KA. COVID-19 and dysnatremia: A comparison between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 respiratory illness. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9(12):205031212110277. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121211027778","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211027778"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho KS, Narasimhan B, Kumar A, et al. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone as the initial presentation of COVID-19: A novel case report. Nefrolog\u00eda. 2021;41(2):219-220. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nefro.2020.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2020.05.004"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abilov Z, Kononykhina A, Sardaeva D, et al. Electrolyte disturbances in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Endocr Abstr. 2021;9(12):205031212110277. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/endoabs.73.AEP483","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.73.AEP483"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Sanchez JG, Nunez-Gil IJ, Cuesta M, et al. Prognostic Impact of Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia in COVID-19 Pneumonia. A HOPE-COVID-19 (Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation for COVID-19) Registry Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11(12):205031212110277. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.599255","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.599255"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christ-Crain M, Hoorn EJ, Sherlock M, et al. Endocrinology in the time of COVID-19: Management of diabetes insipidus and hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G9-G15. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0338","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0338"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousaf Z, Al-Shokri SD, Al-soub H, Mohamed MFH. COVID-19-associated SIADH: a clue in the times of pandemic! Am J Physiol Metab. 2020;318(6):E882-E885. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00178.2020","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00178.2020"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603-2615. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, et al. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5):403-416. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"}],"container-title":["Problems of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.probl-endojournals.ru\/jour\/article\/viewFile\/13108\/10321","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T15:29:26Z","timestamp":1668439766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.probl-endojournals.ru\/jour\/article\/view\/13108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14341\/probl13108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-1430","0375-9660"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2308-1430"},{"type":"print","value":"0375-9660"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]}}}