{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T13:26:53Z","timestamp":1773235613408,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Endocrinology Research Centre","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.probl-endojournals.ru\/jour\/about\/editorialPolicies#openAccessPolicy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.probl-endojournals.ru"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u00a0Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder in childhood and adolescence. Some families may find it difficult to administer four daily injections, especially in young children, or to use the newer, expensive insulin analogs and pumps. For this reason, many physicians are still using the classical two-injection schedule, using premixed insulin in certain areas of the world.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>AIM:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u00a0To assess glycemic control and complication indicators in type 1 diabetic children on premixed or basal-bolus insulin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u00a0One hundred children aged 2\u201314 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus were studied at multiple diabetes care centers; fifty were receiving premixed insulin, and the other fifty were on a basal-bolus insulin regimen. Evaluations were made based on HbA\n                    <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0levels, occurrences of hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and other complications.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u00a0The study revealed significant improvements in HbA\n                    <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0levels in the basal-bolus insulin group compared to premixed insulin patients three and six months after treatment (p=0.048 and p=0.005, respectively). Patients using the\u00a0premixed regimen experienced more frequent hypoglycemia attacks (p=0.001) and injection site complications, such as hypertrophy (p=0.001).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u00a0It has been revealed that a basal-bolus regimen (MDI) improves children\u2019s and teenagers\u2019 glycemic control with fewer complications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14341\/probl13609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:22:48Z","timestamp":1773163368000},"page":"108-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14341\/crossmarkpolicy2018","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Basal-bolus regimen versus twice-daily premixed insulin in the treatment of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Mosul City: A comparison study"],"prefix":"10.14341","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5009-2329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"I. A.","family":"Mohialdeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AL-Khansaa Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6933-8366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A. H.","family":"AL-Numan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mosul, College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5458","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hasso IK. Role of interleukin-6 in type 1 diabetes mellitus: review of articles. Ann Coll Med Mosul. 2023;45:92\u201397.","DOI":"10.33899\/mmed.2023.137090.1175"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahya FS. Factors associated with inadequate glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a single-center experience. 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