{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:48:42Z","timestamp":1790765322040,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2B5B02001823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2B5B02001823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A4A1019009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A4A1019009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecules and Cells"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T03:39:53Z","timestamp":1620704393000},"page":"281-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Distinct Features of Brain-Resident Macrophages: Microglia and Non-Parenchymal Brain Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5477-7531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunju","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4928-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Cheol","family":"Eo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4360-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5943-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Je-Wook","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0192-3","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of brain region-specific microglia clearance activity","volume":"21","author":"Ayata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2967","article-title":"Constant replenishment from circulating monocytes maintains the macrophage pool in the intestine of adult mice","volume":"15","author":"Bain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23637","article-title":"Microglia roles in synaptic plasticity and myelination in homeostatic conditions and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"67","author":"Bar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525528113","article-title":"New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS","volume":"113","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.08.007","article-title":"Neuronal \u2019On\u2019 and \u2019Off\u2019 signals control microglia","volume":"30","author":"Biber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900821","article-title":"Brain parenchymal and extraparenchymal macrophages in development, homeostasis, and disease","volume":"204","author":"Brioschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2510-14.2015","article-title":"Inflammasome-induced IL-1\u03b2 secretion in microglia is characterized by delayed kinetics and is only partially dependent on inflammatory caspases","volume":"35","author":"Burm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2005.03.005","article-title":"Activation of microglia by aggregated beta-amyloid or lipopolysaccharide impairs MHC-II expression and renders them cytotoxic whereas IFN-gamma and IL-4 render them protective","volume":"29","author":"Butovsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0057-5","article-title":"Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Butovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3585","article-title":"Sall1 is a transcriptional regulator defining microglia identity and function","volume":"17","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00441.x","article-title":"CNS immune privilege: hiding in plain sight","volume":"213","author":"Carson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-46","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are expressed by different subsets of microglia and macrophages after ischemic stroke in mice","volume":"5","author":"Clausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55375","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055375","article-title":"Triggering of inflammasome by aggregated \u03b1-synuclein, an inflammatory response in synucleinopathies","volume":"8","author":"Codolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","article-title":"Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Colonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.7","article-title":"TREM2 variants: new keys to decipher Alzheimer disease pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Colonna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180247","article-title":"Peripherally derived macrophages can engraft the brain independent of irradiation and maintain an identity distinct from microglia","volume":"215","author":"Cronk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1472","article-title":"ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Davalos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.003","article-title":"Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration","volume":"173","author":"Deczkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0319-3","article-title":"TREM2 brain transcript-specific studies in AD and TREM2 mutation carriers","volume":"14","author":"Del-Aguila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3666","article-title":"The movers and shapers in immune privilege of the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.019","article-title":"Embryonic and adult-derived resident cardiac macrophages are maintained through distinct mechanisms at steady state and during inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","article-title":"Origin and functions of tissue macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.11.013","article-title":"The pore-forming protein gasdermin D regulates interleukin-1 secretion from living macrophages","volume":"48","author":"Evavold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80432-8","article-title":"Microglia-derived nerve growth factor causes cell death in the developing retina","volume":"20","author":"Frade","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20643-3","article-title":"Brain region-dependent heterogeneity and dose-dependent difference in transient microglia population increase during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Furube","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.024","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00045","article-title":"Origin and differentiation of microglia","volume":"7","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3324","article-title":"New insights into the multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function","volume":"17","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3423","article-title":"Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces","volume":"17","author":"Goldmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaah4066","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4066","article-title":"Inflammasome inhibition prevents \u03b1-synuclein pathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4222","article-title":"Microglial brain region-dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging","volume":"19","author":"Grabert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.04.014","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk gene CD33 inhibits microglial uptake of amyloid beta","volume":"78","author":"Griciuc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130624","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome is expressed and functional in mouse brain microglia but not in astrocytes","volume":"10","author":"Gustin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1636","article-title":"The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-beta","volume":"9","author":"Halle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13812-z","article-title":"Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Haruwaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11729","article-title":"NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and contributes to pathology in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"493","author":"Heneka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0055-7","article-title":"Inflammasome signalling in brain function and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"19","author":"Heneka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.03.011","article-title":"C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages","volume":"42","author":"Hoeffel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.246","article-title":"Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Hopperton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.207","article-title":"Microglial and macrophage polarization\u2014new prospects for brain repair","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0090-8","article-title":"Repopulated microglia are solely derived from the proliferation of residual microglia after acute depletion","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00013","article-title":"Prenatal immune challenge in mice leads to partly sex-dependent behavioral, microglial, and molecular abnormalities associated with schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.11.001","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization and function","volume":"34","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13129","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13129","article-title":"25-hydroxycholesterol contributes to cerebral inflammation of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"7","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat7554","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7554","article-title":"Single-cell profiling identifies myeloid cell subsets with distinct fates during neuroinflammation","volume":"363","author":"Jordao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.11.4106-4114.2000","article-title":"Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9531-6","article-title":"The role of the microglia in acute CNS injury","volume":"30","author":"Kawabori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12068","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes and perivascular macrophages express NLRP3 inflammasome in active demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis and necrotic lesions of neuromyelitis optica and cerebral infarction","volume":"4","author":"Kawana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0201-x","article-title":"Macrophages at CNS interfaces: ontogeny and function in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Kierdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","article-title":"The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","author":"Krasemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050715-104343","article-title":"Innate immunity and neurodegeneration","volume":"69","author":"Labzin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3088","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization: enabling diversity with identity","volume":"11","author":"Lawrence","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0124-5","article-title":"MPTP-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia plays a central role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.125","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0091-5","article-title":"Fatal demyelinating disease is induced by monocyte-derived macrophages in the absence of TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"19","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0566-1","article-title":"Lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia represent a dysfunctional and proinflammatory state in the aging brain","volume":"23","author":"Marschallinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav0492","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aav0492","article-title":"The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system","volume":"4","author":"Mastorakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-08-2531","article-title":"Circulation is established in a stepwise pattern in the mammalian embryo","volume":"101","author":"McGrath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11159","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6209-10.2011","article-title":"Distinct and non-redundant roles of microglia and myeloid subsets in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Mildner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.01.011","article-title":"High-dimensional single-cell mapping of central nervous system immune cells reveals distinct myeloid subsets in health, aging, and disease","volume":"48","author":"Mrdjen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.07.008","article-title":"The CNS immune landscape from the viewpoint of a T cell","volume":"42","author":"Mundt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110647","article-title":"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo","volume":"308","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.185","article-title":"Microglia priming with aging and stress","volume":"42","author":"Niraula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13139","article-title":"Microglial M1\/M2 polarization and metabolic states","volume":"173","author":"Orihuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3341","article-title":"The development and maintenance of resident macrophages","volume":"17","author":"Perdiguero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.38","article-title":"Microglial priming in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77983","article-title":"TREM2 sustains microglial expansion during aging and response to demyelination","volume":"125","author":"Poliani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3703","article-title":"Ontogeny and homeostasis of CNS myeloid cells","volume":"18","author":"Prinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.03.046","article-title":"Inflammasome complexes: emerging mechanisms and effector functions","volume":"165","author":"Rathinam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30809","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.30809","article-title":"The role of microglia and their CX3CR1 signaling in adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb","volume":"6","author":"Reshef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11848","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1217-15.2015","article-title":"A distinct population of microglia supports adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone","volume":"35","author":"Ribeiro Xavier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63766-2","article-title":"Innate immune functions of astrocytes are dependent upon tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"10","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.01.027","article-title":"White matter aging drives microglial diversity","volume":"109","author":"Safaiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4325","article-title":"Age-related myelin degradation burdens the clearance function of microglia during aging","volume":"19","author":"Safaiyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib78","first-page":"165","article-title":"Resident macrophage proliferation in mice depleted of blood monocytes by strontium-89","volume":"46","author":"Sawyer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01243.x","article-title":"Heterogeneous expression of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 on adult murine microglia","volume":"83","author":"Schmid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.040","article-title":"The inflammasomes","volume":"140","author":"Schroder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.11.032","article-title":"Dual roles for perivascular macrophages in immune-to-brain signaling","volume":"65","author":"Serrats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00697","article-title":"Brain-resident microglia and blood-borne macrophages orchestrate central nervous system inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders and brain cancer","volume":"9","author":"Sevenich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00240","article-title":"Never-resting microglia: physiological roles in the healthy brain and pathological implications","volume":"8","author":"Sierra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.01.022","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived microglia play a critical role in restricting senile plaque formation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Simard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00194","article-title":"Aging microglia-phenotypes, functions and implications for age-related neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Spittau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101997","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019101997","article-title":"Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community","volume":"38","author":"Stratoulias","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00323","article-title":"Bidirectional microglia-neuron communication in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Szepesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.004","article-title":"Origins and functional specialization of macrophages and of conventional and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in mouse skin","volume":"39","author":"Tamoutounour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0609-8","article-title":"Microglial regional heterogeneity and its role in the brain","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4547","article-title":"A new fate mapping system reveals context-dependent random or clonal expansion of microglia","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101064","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018101064","article-title":"Systemic inflammation impairs microglial Abeta clearance through NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"38","author":"Tejera","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.021","article-title":"Early fate defines microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophage development","volume":"181","author":"Utz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.128.3.415","article-title":"The origin and kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"128","author":"van Furth","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25158","article-title":"Microglia-derived ASC specks cross-seed amyloid-\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"552","author":"Venegas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10248","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201810248","article-title":"Inflammasomes in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"11","author":"Voet","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib96","first-page":"291","article-title":"Differential effects of chronic monocyte depletion on macrophage populations","volume":"49","author":"Volkman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0139-9","article-title":"Immune phenotypes of microglia in human neurodegenerative disease: challenges to detecting microglial polarization in human brains","volume":"7","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3638","article-title":"Inflammasomes in the CNS","volume":"15","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00026","article-title":"Microglia, seen from the CX3CR1 angle","volume":"7","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0827-4","article-title":"Mitochondria and the NLRP3 inflammasome: physiological and pathological relevance","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3641","article-title":"Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior","volume":"17","author":"Zhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060_bib102","article-title":"Targeting microglia using Cx3cr1-Cre lines: revisiting the specificity","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro"}],"container-title":["Molecules and Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/pdf.medrang.co.kr\/KSMCB\/2021\/044\/KSMCB044-05-02.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"tdm","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1016847823001954?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1016847823001954?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/pdf.medrang.co.kr\/KSMCB\/2021\/044\/KSMCB044-05-02.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T17:53:48Z","timestamp":1760896428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1016847823001954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1016847823001954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1016-8478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1016-8478","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Distinct Features of Brain-Resident Macrophages: Microglia and Non-Parenchymal Brain Macrophages","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecules and Cells","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14348\/molcells.2021.0060","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of the Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}