{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:52:41Z","timestamp":1775278361241,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation","issue":"0","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["KONA"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"DOI":"10.14356\/kona.2011010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T21:24:00Z","timestamp":1396041840000},"page":"67-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Electrical Tomography: a review of Configurations and Applications to                    Particulate Processes"],"prefix":"10.14356","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6084-4553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G.","family":"Rasteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z8k9a98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and                    Technology, University of Coimbra"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5766-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui C. C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z8k9a98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and                    Technology, University of Coimbra"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando A. P.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z8k9a98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and                    Technology, University of Coimbra"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Faia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04z8k9a98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Electric and Computers Engineering, Faculty of                    Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra"}]}],"member":"5463","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1) Torczynski,                    J.R.,                    O'Hern,                    T.J.,                    Adkins,                    D.R.,                    Jackson,                    N.B. and                    Shollenberger,                    K.A.                    (1997): Advanced Tomographic Flow Diagnostics for Opaque                    Multiphase Fluids, Sandia Report SAND97-1176 \u2022 UC-406,                    Sandia National Laboratories,                    Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.","DOI":"10.2172\/481578"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2) Abel,                    N.H.                    (1826): Resolution d'un probleme de                    mecanique, J. Reine Agnew. Math.,                    1, pp.                    311\u2013389."},{"key":"3","unstructured":"3) Radon,                    J. (1917):                    \u00dcber die Bestimmung von Funktionen durch ihre                    Integralwerte l\u00e4ngs gewisser Mannigfaltigkeiten,                    Ber. Saechs. Akad. Wiss. 69,                    pp.262\u2013278."},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4) Seeram,                    E. (2000):                    \u201cComputed Tomography: Physical Principles, Clinical                    Applications, and Quality Control\u201d, W.B                    Saunders Comp."},{"key":"5","unstructured":"5) Plakowski,                    A.,                    Beck,                    M.S.,                    Thorn,                    R. and                    Dyakowski,                    T. (1995):                    \u201cImaging Industrial Flows\u201d, IOP                    Publishing,                    Bristol."},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6) Williams,                    R.A. and                    Beck,                    M.S.                    (1995): \u201cProcess Tomography\u2014Principles,                    Techniques and Applications\u201d,                    Butterworth-Heinemann,                    Oxford."},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7) Mewes,                    D. and                    Schmitz,                    D. (1999):                    Tomographic methods for the analysis of flow patterns in steady                    and transient flow, Proceedings of the Second                    International Symposium on Two-Phase Flow Modelling and                    Experimentation, Rome, Italy,                    23\u201326 May (1999),                    pp.29\u201342."},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8) Chaouki,                    J.,                    Larachi,                    F. and                    Dudukovic, M.                    P. (1997):                    Non-invasive tomographic and velocimetric monitoring of                    multiphase flows, Ind. & Eng. Chem.                    Research, 36 (11),                    pp.4476\u20134503.","DOI":"10.1021\/ie970210t"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9) Williams,                    R.A. and                    Xie,                    C.G.                    (1993): Tomographic techniques for characterizing                    particulate processes, Part. & Part. Systems                    Characterization, 10 (5),                    pp.252\u2013261.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.19930100507"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10) Brown,                    G.J.,                    Reilly,                    D. and                    Mills,                    D. (1996):                    Development of an ultrasonic tomography system for application in                    pneumatic conveying. Meas. Sci. Technol,                    7, pp.                    396\u2013405.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/7\/3\/022"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11) Rahim,                    R.A.,                    Green,                    R.G.,                    Horbury,                    N.,                    Dickin,                    F.J.,                    Naylor,                    B.D. and                    Pridmore,                    T.P.                    (1996): Further development of a tomographic imaging                    system using optical fibres for pneumatic conveyors.                    Meas. Sci. Technol, 7, pp.                    419\u2013422.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/7\/3\/025"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12) Green,                    R.G.,                    Rahim,                    R.A.,                    Evans,                    K.,                    Dickin,                    F.J.,                    Naylor,                    B.D. and                    Pridmore,                    T.P.                    (1998): Concentration profiles in a gravity chute                    conveyor by optical tomography measurement. Powder                    Technol., 95 (1),                    pp.49\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(97)03315-9"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13) Uchiyama,                    H.,                    Nakajima,                    M. and                    Yuta,                    S. (1985):                    Measurement of flame temperature distribution by IR emission                    computed tomography. Appl. Opt.,                    24, pp.                    4111\u20134116.","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.24.004111"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14) Xie,                    C.G.,                    Reinecke,                    N.,                    Beck,                    M.S.,                    Mewes,                    D.,                    Williams,                    R.A.                    (1995): Electrical tomography techniques for process                    engineering applications, The Chem. Eng. J.,                    56, pp.                    127\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-0467(94)02907-5"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15) Yu,                    Z.Z.,                    Peyton,                    A.T.,                    Beck,                    M.S.,                    Conway,                    W.F. and                    Xu,                    L.A.                    (1993): Imaging system based on Electromagnetic                    Tomography, Electronic Letters,                    29, pp.                    625\u2013626.","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19930418"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16) Wilkinson,                    A.J.,                    Randall,                    E.W.,                    Long,                    T.M. and                    Collins,                    A. (2006):                    The design of an ERT system for 3D data acquisition and a                    quantitative evaluation of its performance, Meas. Sci.                    Technol., 17, pp.                    2088\u20132096.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/8\/006"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"17) Maxwell,                    J.C.                    (1873): \u201cA Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism                    vol. I\u201d, Clarendon Press,                    Oxford."},{"key":"18","unstructured":"18) Morse,                    T. D. and                    Ballou, C.                    O. (1951):                    The uniformity of fluidisation, its measurement and                    use, Chem. Eng, Progress. 47,                    pp.199\u2013211."},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19) Geldart,                    D. and                    Kelsey,                    J.R.                    (1972): The use of capacitance probes in gas                    fluidised beds, Powder Tech.,                    6, pp.                    45\u201350.","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(72)80055-X"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20) Abouelwafa,                    M.S.A. and                    Kendall,                    E.J.M                    (1979): Analysis and design of helical capacitance                    sensors for volume fraction determination, Rev. Sci.                    Instrum., 50 (7),                    pp.872\u2013878.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1135942"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21) Dyakowski,                    T.,                    Jeanmeure,                    L.F.C. and                    Jaworski,                    A.J.                    (2000): Applications of electrical tomography for                    gas-solids and liquid-solids flows - a review, Powder                    Tech., 112, pp.                    174\u2013192.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(00)00292-8"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22) Dyakowski,                    T.,                    Johansen,                    G.A.,                    Hjertaker,                    B.T.,                    Sankowski,                    D.,                    Mosorov,                    V. and                    Wlodarczyk,                    J. (2006):                    A Dual Modality Tomography System for Imaging Gas\/Solids                    Flows, Particle & Particle Systems                    Characterization, 23, pp.                    260\u2013265.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.200601057"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23) Yang,                    W. (2007):                    Tomographic Imaging based on Capacitance Measurement and                    Industrial Applications, IEEE International Workshop on                    Imaging on Systems and Techniques, 2007, pp.                    1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/IST.2007.379587"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24) Azzopardi,                    B.J.,                    Abdulkareem,                    L.A.,                    Zhao,                    D.,                    Thiele,                    S., da                    Silva, M.J.,                    Beyer,                    M. and                    Hunt,                    A. (2010):                    Comparison between Electrical Capacitance Tomography and Wire                    Mesh sensor for air\/silicone oil flow in a vertical pipe,                    Ind. & Eng. Chem. Research, 49, pp.                    8805\u20138811.","DOI":"10.1021\/ie901949z"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25) Grootveld,                    C. J.                    (1996): \u201cMeasuring & Modelling of                    concentrated settling suspensions using Electrical Impedance                    Tomography\u201d, PhD thesis, Univ. of                    Delft, Delft,                    Holland."},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26) Wang,                    M. (2005):                    Impedance Mapping of Particulate Multiphase                    Flows, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation,                    16, pp.                    183\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2005.02.016"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27) Jia,                    J.,                    Wang,                    M.,                    Schlaberg, H.                    I. and Li,                    H. (2010):                    A Novel Tomographic Sensing System for High Electrically                    Conductive Multiphase Flow Measurement, Flow Measurement                    and Instrumentation, 21(3),                    pp.184\u2013190.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2009.12.002"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28) Henderson,                    R.P. and                    Webster,                    J.G.                    (1978): An Impedance Camera for Spatially Specific                    Measurements of the Thorax. IEEE Transactions on                    Biomedical Engineering, 25 (3),                    pp.250\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1978.326329"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29) Barber,                    D.C. and                    Brown,                    B.H.                    (1984): Applied Potential                    Tomography, Journal of Physics E: Scientific                    Instruments, 17 (9),                    pp.723 \u2013 733.","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3735\/17\/9\/002"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30) Wang,                    M.,                    Jones,                    T.F. and                    Williams,                    R.A.                    (2003): Visualization of Asymmetric Solids                    Distribution in Horizontal Swirling Flows Using Electrical Resistance                    Tomography, Chemical Engineering Research and                    Design 81 (8),                    pp.854\u2013861.","DOI":"10.1205\/026387603322482095"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31) Malmivuo,                    J. and                    Plonsey,                    R. (1995):                    \u201cBioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric                    and Biomagnetic Fields\u201d, Oxford University                    Press, New York -                    Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195058239.001.0001"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32) Pakzad,                    L.,                    Ein-Mozaffari,                    F. and                    Chan,                    P. (2008):                    Using Electrical Resistance Tomography and Computational Fluid                    Dynamics Modelling to Study the Formation of Cavern in the Mixing of                    Pseudoplastic Fluids Possessing Yield Stress, Chemical                    Engineering Science, 63 (9),                    pp.2508\u20132522.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2008.02.009"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33) Razzak,                    S.A.,                    Barghi,                    S.,                    Zhu,                    J.-X.                    (2009): Application of electrical resistance                    tomography on liquid-solid two-phase flow characterization in an LSCFB                    riser, Chemical Engineering Science,                    64 (12), pp.                    2851\u20132858.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2009.02.049"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"34) Faia,                    P.M.,                    Ferreira,                    A.R.,                    Santos,                    M.J.,                    Santos,                    J.B.,                    Silva,                    A.P.R.,                    Rasteiro,                    M.G. and                    Garcia,                    F.A.P.:                    Imaging particulate two-phase flow in liquid suspensions with                    Electric Impedance Tomography, Particulate Science and                    Technology, in press."},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35) Karapantsios,                    T.D. and                    Papara,                    M. (2008):                    On the design of electrical conductance probes for foam drainage                    applications. Assessment of ring electrodes performance and bubble size effects                    on measurements, Colloids & Surfaces A: Physicochem.                    Eng. Aspects 323,                    pp.139\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2007.10.003"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36) Wang,                    M.,                    Mann,                    R. and                    Dickin,                    F.J.                    (1999): Electrical resistance tomography sensing                    systems for industrial applications, Chem. Eng.                    Comm. 175,                    pp.49\u201370.","DOI":"10.1080\/00986449908912139"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37) Lucas,                    G.P.,                    Cory,                    J.,                    Waterfall,                    R.C.,                    Loh,                    W.W. and                    Dickin,                    F.J.                    (1999): Measurement of the solids volume fraction                    and velocity distributions in solids-liquids flows using dual-plane electrical                    resistance tomography, Flow Measurement                    Instrumentation 10,                    pp.249\u2013258.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-5986(99)00010-2"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38) Wang,                    M. and                    Yin,                    W. (2001):                    Measurements of concentration and velocity distribution in                    miscible liquid mixing using electrical resistance tomography,                    Trans. Chemical Engineering Research and Design,                    79 (A8),                    pp.883\u2013886.","DOI":"10.1205\/02638760152721398"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39) Polydorides,                    N. and                    Lionheart,                    W.R.B.                    (2002): A Matlab toolkit for three-dimensional                    electrical impedance tomography: a contribution to the Electrical Impedance and                    Diffuse Optical Reconstruction Software project,                    Measurement Science and Technology,                    13(12),                    pp.1871\u20131883.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/13\/12\/310"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40) Kotre,                    C.J.                    (1994): EIT image reconstruction using sensitivity                    weighted filtered backprojection. Phys. Meas.,                    A 15,                    pp.125\u2013136.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/15\/2A\/017"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"41) Yang, W.                    Q., Gamio,                    J.C. and                    Beck,                    M.S.                    (1997): A fast iterative image reconstruction                    algorithm for capacitance tomography, Sensors and their                    Applications, vol. III, IOP Pub.,                    pp.47\u201352."},{"key":"42","unstructured":"42) Lionheart,                    W.R.B                    (2001): Reconstruction algorithms for permittivity                    and conductivity imaging, Proceedings of the Second                    World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Hannover,                    Germany, 29\u201331 August, 2001, pp.                    4\u201311."},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43) Yorkey,                    T.J.,                    Webster,                    J.G. and                    Tompkins,                    W. (1987):                    Comparing reconstruction algorithms for electrical-impedance                    tomography, IEEE J. Bio-Med. Eng.,                    34, pp.                    843\u2013852.","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1987.326032"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44) Parvareh,                    A.,                    Rahimi,                    M.,                    Alizadehdakhel,                    A. and                    Alsaifari,                    A.A.                    (2010): CFD and ERT investigations on two-phase flow                    regimes in vertical and horizontal tubes, Int. Comm.                    Heat & Mass Transfer, 37, pp.                    304\u2013311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2009.11.001"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"45) Molinari,                    M.,                    Cox,                    S.J.,                    Blott,                    B.H. and                    Daniell,                    G.J.                    (2001): Efficient non-linear 3D electrical                    tomography reconstruction, Proceedings of the Second                    World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Hannover,                    Germany, 29\u201331 August 2001,                    pp.424\u2013432."},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46) Cho,                    K.H.,                    Kim, S.                    and Lee,                    Y.J.                    (1999): A fast reconstruction method for the two                    phase flow visualization, Int. Comm. Heat & Mass                    Transfer, 26 (5),                    pp.637\u2013646.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1933(99)00050-0"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"47) Tapp,                    H.S. and                    Wilson,                    R.H.                    (1997): Developments in low-cost electrical imaging                    techniques, Process. Contr. Qual.                    9, 1997, pp.                    7\u201316."},{"key":"48","unstructured":"48) Sun,                    T.D.,                    Mudde,                    R.,                    Schouten,                    J.C.,                    Scarlett,                    B. and                    Bleek,                    C.M.                    (1999): Image reconstruction of an electrical                    capacitance tomography system using an artificial neural                    network, Proceedings of the First World Congress on                    Industrial Process Tomography, Buxton, UK,                    April 1999,                    pp.174\u2013180."},{"key":"49","unstructured":"49) Mohamad-Saleh,                    J.,                    Hoyle,                    B.S.,                    Podd,                    F.J.W. and                    Spink,                    D.M.                    (2001): Direct flow process estimations from                    tomographic data using artificial neural systems,                    Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Industrial Process                    Tomography, Hannover, Germany,                    29\u201331 August 2001,                    pp.751\u2013758."},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"50) Hamidipour,                    M. and                    Larachi,                    F. (2010):                    Characterizing the liquid dynamics in concurrent gas-liquid flows                    in porous media using twin-plane electrical capacitance                    tomography, Chemical Engineering Journal,                    165 (1):15,                    pp.310\u2013323.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.08.058"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"51) Meng,                    S.,                    Shi,                    L.,                    Zhihong,                    L. and                    Jing,                    L. (2008):                    Application of Electrical Capacitance Tomography to the                    Concentration Measurement in a Cyclone Dipleg, Chinese                    Journal of Chemical Engineering, 16                    (4),                    pp.635\u2013639.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1004-9541(08)60133-0"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"52) Brodowicz,                    K.,                    Maryniak,                    L. and                    Dyakowski,                    T. (1993):                    Application of capacitance tomography to pneumatic conveying processes,                    \u201cTomographic Techniques for Process Design and                    Operation\u201d, Computational Mechanics                    Publications, Southampton and                    Boston,                    pp.361\u2013368."},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"53) Zhu,                    K.,                    Rao, S.                    M., Wang,                    C. and                    Sundaresan,                    S. (2003):                    Electrical capacitance tomography measurements on vertical and                    inclined pneumatic conveying of granular solids,                    Chemical Engineering Science, 58                    (18),                    pp.4225\u20134245.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(03)00306-3"},{"key":"54","unstructured":"54) Arko,                    A.,                    Waterfall,                    R.C.,                    Beck,                    M.S.,                    Dyakowski,                    T.,                    Sutcliffe,                    P. and                    Byars,                    M. (1999):                    Development of electrical capacitance tomography for solids mass                    flow measurement and control of pneumatic conveying systems, in:                    Proceedings of the First World Congress on Industrial Process                    Tomography, Buxton, UK,                    14\u201317 April 1999,                    pp.140\u2013146."},{"key":"55","unstructured":"55) West,                    R.M.,                    Wu, Y.,                    Scott,                    D.M.,                    Sunshine,                    G.,                    Hoyle,                    B.S.,                    Kostuch,                    J.,                    McLeod,                    C.N. and                    Williams,                    R.A.                    (2001): Electrical impedance imaging of paste during                    extrusion, Proceedings of the Second World Congress                    on Industrial Process Tomography, Hannover,                    Germany, 29\u201331 August 2001,                    pp.300\u2013306."},{"key":"56","unstructured":"56) White,                    R.B., and                    Zakhari,                    A. (1999):                    Internal structures in fluid beds of different scales: an                    application of electrical capacitance tomography,                    Proceedings of the First World Congress on Industrial Process                    Tomography, Buxton, UK,                    14\u201317 April 1999,                    pp.39\u201346."},{"key":"57","unstructured":"57) Makkawi,                    Y.T. and                    Wright,                    P.C.                    (2001): Application of process tomography as a tool                    for better understanding of fluidization quality in a conventional fluidized                    bed, Proceedings of the Second World Congress on                    Industrial Process Tomography, Hannover,                    Germany, 29\u201331 August 2001,                    pp.324\u2013338."},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"58) Takei,                    M.,                    Zhao,                    T. and                    Yamane,                    K. (2009):                    Measurement of particle concentration in powder coating process                    using capacitance computed tomography and wavelet analysis,                    Powder Technology, 193 (1),                    pp.93\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2009.02.014"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"59) Meng,                    Z.,                    Huang,                    Z.,                    Wang,                    B., Ji,                    H. and                    Yan,                    Y. (2010):                    Air-water two-phase flow measurement using a Venturi meter and an                    electrical resistance tomography sensor, Flow                    Measurement Instrumentation, 21, pp.                    268\u2013276.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2010.02.006"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"60) Bennett,                    M.A.,                    West,                    R.M.,                    Luke,                    S.P. and                    Williams,                    R.A.                    (2002): The investigation of bubble column and foam                    processes using electrical capacitance tomography,                    Minerals Engineering, 15 (4),                    pp. 225\u2013234.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-6875(02)00005-5"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"61) Kourunen,                    J.,                    K\u00e4yhk\u00f6,                    R.,                    Matula,                    J.,                    K\u00e4yhk\u00f6,                    J.,                    Vauhkonen,                    M. and                    Heikkinen,                    L.M.                    (2008): Imaging of mixing of two miscible liquids                    using electrical impedance tomography and linear impedance                    sensor, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation                    19 (6),                    pp.391\u2013396.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2008.07.002"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"62) Vilar,                    G.,                    Williams,                    R.A.,                    Wang,                    M. and                    Tweedie,                    R.J.                    (2008): On line analysis of structure of dispersions                    in an oscillatory baffled reactor using electrical impedance                    tomography, Chemical Engineering Journal,                    141 (1\u20133),                    pp.58\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2007.10.018"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"63) Karhunen,                    K.,                    Sepp\u00e4nen,                    A.,                    Lehikoinen,                    A.,                    Monteiro,                    P.J.M. and                    Kaipio,                    J.P.                    (2010): Electrical Resistance Tomography imaging of                    concrete, Cement and Concrete Research,                    40 (1),                    pp.137\u2013145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.08.023"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"64) Boonkhao,                    B., Li,                    R. F.,                    Wang, X.                    Z., Tweedie,                    R. J.,                    Primrose,                    K. (2010):                    Making use of process tomography data for multivariate                    statistical process control, AIChE J., doi                    10.1002\/aic.12443,.","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.12443"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"65) Ricard,                    F.,                    Brechtelsbauer,                    C., Xu,                    X.Y. and                    Lawrence,                    C.J.                    (2005): Monitoring of Multiphase Pharmaceutical                    Processes Using Electrical Resistance Tomography,                    Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 83                    (7),                    pp.794\u2013805.","DOI":"10.1205\/cherd.04324"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"66) Rimpil\u00e4inen,                    V.,                    Kuosmanen,                    M.,                    Ketolainen,                    J.,                    J\u00e4rvinen,                    K.,                    Vauhkonen,                    M. and                    Heikkinen,                    L.M.                    (2010): Electrical impedance tomography for                    three-dimensional drug release monitoring, European                    Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 41                    (2),                    pp.407\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2010.07.008"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"67) Sun,                    T.,                    Tsuda,                    S.,                    Zauner,                    K. and                    Morgan,                    H. (2010):                    On-chip electrical impedance tomography for imaging biological                    cells, Biosensors and Bioelectronics,                    25 (5),                    pp.1109\u20131115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.09.036"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"68) Ventura,                    C.,                    Garcia,                    F.A.P.,                    Ferreira,                    P. and                    Rasteiro,                    M.G.                    (2007): Flow Dynamics of pulp fiber                    suspensions, Tappi Journal, 7                    (8),                    pp.20\u201326.","DOI":"10.32964\/TJ7.8.20"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"69) Cheng,                    K.S.,                    Isaacson,                    D.,                    Newell,                    J.C. and                    Gisser, D.                    G. (1989):                    Electrode Models for Electric Current Computed                    Tomography, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical                    Engineering, 36 (9),                    pp.918\u2013924.","DOI":"10.1109\/10.35300"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"70) Schlaberg,                    H. I.,                    Baas, J.                    H., Wang,                    M.,                    Best, J.                    L., Williams,                    R. A. and                    Peakall,                    J. (2006):                    Electrical resistance tomography for suspended sediment                    measurements in open channel flows using a novel sensor design,                    Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 23, pp.                    313\u2013320.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.200601062"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"71) Wang,                    M., Ma,                    Y.,                    Holliday,                    N.,                    Dai,                    Y.,                    Williams, R.                    A. and Lucas,                    G. (2005):                    A high performance EIT system, IEEE                    sensors J., 5 (2),                    pp.289\u2013299.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2005.843904"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"72) Hoyle,                    B. S.,                    Jia,                    X.,                    Podd, F. J.                    W., Schlaberg,                    H. I.,                    Tan, H.                    S., Wang,                    M.,                    West, R.                    M., Williams,                    R. A., and                    York, T.                    A. (2001):                    Design and application of a multimodal process tomography                    system, Meas. Sc. & Tech.,                    12, pp.                    1157\u20131165.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/12\/8\/324"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"73) Lei,                    J.,                    Liu,                    S.,                    Guo, H.                    H., Li,                    Z. H.,                    Li, J.                    T. and Han,                    Z. X.                    (2011): An image reconstruction algorithm based on                    semiparametric model for electrical capacitance tomography,                    Computers & Mathematics with Applications,                    61, pp.                    2843\u20132853.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2011.03.060"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"74) Fan, W.                    R. and Wang,                    H. X.                    (2010): Maximum entropy regularization method for                    electrical impedance tomography combined with a normalized sensitivity                    map, Flow Meas. & Instr.,                    21, pp.                    277\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2010.02.007"}],"container-title":["KONA Powder and Particle Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/kona\/29\/0\/29_2011010\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:01:20Z","timestamp":1775275280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/kona\/29\/0\/29_2011010\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"0","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14356\/kona.2011010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0288-4534","2187-5537"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0288-4534","type":"print"},{"value":"2187-5537","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"article-number":"2011010"}}