{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T01:02:39Z","timestamp":1769821359651,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Concrete Institute","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.14359\/51733122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T08:44:36Z","timestamp":1633941876000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rheological Properties of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers for Three-Dimensional Printing of Structures"],"prefix":"10.14359","volume":"118","member":"5513","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffar, S. H.; Corker, J.; and Fan, M., \u201cAdditive Manufacturing Technology and Its Implementation in Construction as an Eco-Innovative Solution,\u201d Automation in Construction, V. 93, Sept. 2018, pp. 1-11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.05.005"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo, T. D.; Kashani, A.; Imbalzano, G.; Nguyen, K. T. Q.; and Hui, D., \u201cAdditive Manufacturing (3D Printing): A Review of Materials, Methods, Applications and Challenges,\u201d Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 143, June 2018, 2018, pp. 172-193.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.02.012"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M. A., \u201cMix Suitable for Concrete 3D Printing: A Review,\u201d Materials Today: Proceedings, V. 32, No. 4, 2020, pp. 831-837. doi: 10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.03.825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.03.825"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayathilakage, R.; Rajeev, P.; and Sanjayan, J. G., \u201cYield Stress Criteria to Assess the Buildability of 3D Concrete Printing,\u201d Construction and Building Materials, V. 240, Apr. 2020, p. 117989. doi: 10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117989"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, I., and Mechtcherine, V., \u201cPossibilities and Challenges of Constant Shear Rate Test for Evaluation of Structural Build-Up Rate of Cementitious Materials,\u201d Cement and Concrete Research, V. 130, Apr. 2020, p. 105974. doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.105974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.105974"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, S. C.; Tay, Y. W. D.; Panda, B.; and Tan, M. J., \u201cFresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials for Building and Construction,\u201d Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, V. 18, No. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 311-319. doi: 10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moeini, M. A.; Hosseinpoor, M.; and Yahia, A., \u201cEffectiveness of the Rheometric Methods to Evaluate the Build-Up of Cementitious Mortars Used for 3D Printing,\u201d Construction and Building Materials, V. 257, Oct. 2020, p. 119551. doi: 10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119551"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, B.; Paul, S. C.; Hui, L. J.; Tay, Y. W. D.; and Tan, M. J., \u201cAdditive Manufacturing of Geopolymer for Sustainable Built Environment,\u201d Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 167, Nov. 2017, pp. 281-288. doi: 10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.165"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paiva, M. D. M.; Silva, E. C. C. M.; Melo, D. M. A.; Martinelli, A.\u00a0E.; and Schneider, J. F., \u201cA Geopolymer Cementing System for Oil Wells Subject to Steam Injection,\u201d Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, V. 169, Oct. 2018, pp. 748-759. doi: 10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.06.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.06.022"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kriven, W. M., \u201cGeopolymer-Based Composites,\u201d Ceramic- and Carbon-Matrix Composites, V. I. Trefilov, ed., V. 5-8, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2018, pp. 269-280.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.09995-1"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Davidovits, J. Geopolymer: Chemistry and Applications, Geopolymer Institute, Saint-Quentin, France, 2008, 680 pp."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bong, S. H.; Nematollahi, B.; Nazari, A.; Xia, M.; and Sanjayan, J. G., \u201cFresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Geopolymer Cured in Ambient Temperature,\u201d RILEM Bookseries, V. 19, Springer International Publishing, Basel, Switzerland, 2019, pp. 3-11. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-319-99519-9_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99519-9_1"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nematollahi, B.; Sanjayan, J.; and Shaikh, F. U. A., \u201cSynthesis of Heat and Ambient Cured One-Part Geopolymer Mixes with Different Grades of Sodium Silicate,\u201d Ceramics International, V. 41, No. 4, May 2015, pp. 5696-5704. doi: 10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.12.154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2014.12.154"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidovits, J., \u201cGeopolymers,\u201d Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, V. 37, No. 8, Aug. 1991, pp. 1633-1656. doi: 10.1007\/BF01912193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01912193"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, B.; Unluer, C.; and Tan, M. J., \u201cInvestigation of the Rheology and Strength of Geopolymer Mixtures for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing,\u201d Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 94, Nov. 2018, pp. 307-314. doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.002"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, B.; Unluer, C.; and Tan, M. J., \u201cExtrusion and Rheology Characterization of Geopolymer Nanocomposites Used in 3D Printing,\u201d Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 176, Nov. 2019, p. 107290. doi: 10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107290"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D.-W.; Wang, D.-m.; Lin, X.-Q.; and Zhang, T., \u201cThe Study of the Structure Rebuilding and Yield Stress of 3D Printing Geopolymer Pastes,\u201d Construction and Building Materials, V. 184, Sept. 2018, pp. 575-580. doi: 10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.233"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Qutaifi, S.; Nazari, A.; and Bagheri, A., \u201cMechanical Properties of Layered Geopolymer Structures Applicable in Concrete 3D-Printing,\u201d Construction and Building Materials, V. 176, July 2018, pp. 690-699. doi: 10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.195"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bong, S. H.; Nematollahi, B.; Xia, M.; Nazari, A.; Sanjayan, J.; and Pan, J., \u201cProperties of 3D-Printable Ductile Fibre-Reinforced Geopolymer Composite for Digital Construction Applications,\u201d RILEM Bookseries, V. 23, Springer International Publishing, Basel, Switzerland, 2019, pp. 363-372. doi: 10.1007\/978-3-030-22566-7_42","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22566-7_42"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C.; Xiang, J.; Xu, M.; He, Y.; Tong, Z.; and Cui, X., \u201c3D Extrusion Free Forming of Geopolymer Composites: Materials Modification and Processing Optimization,\u201d Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 258, June 2020, p. 120986. doi: 10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120986"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, G.-X.; Li, C.; Zhao, Z.; Qi, Y.-Z.; Yang, Z.-H.; Jia, D.-C.; Zhong, J.; and Zhou, Y., \u201c3D Printing Geopolymer Nanocomposites: Graphene Oxide Size Effects on a Reactive Matrix,\u201d Carbon, V. 164, Aug. 2020, pp. 215-223. doi: 10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.02.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.02.021"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, S.; He, P.; Wang, M.; Wang, M.; Wang, R.; Yuan, J.; Jia, D.; and Cui, J., \u201cMonoclinic-Celsian Ceramics Formation: Through Thermal Treatment of Ion-Exchanged 3D Printing Geopolymer Precursor,\u201d Journal of the European Ceramic Society, V. 39, No. 2-3, Feb.-Mar. 2019, pp. 563-573. doi: 10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.08.036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.08.036"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"ASTM C305-20, \u201cStandard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency,\u201d ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, 3 pp."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza Reales, O. A.; Arias Jaramillo, Y. P.; Ochoa Botero, J. C.; Delgado, C. A.; Quintero, J. H.; and Toledo Filho, R. D., \u201cInfluence of MWCNT\/Surfactant Dispersions on the Rheology of Portland Cement Pastes,\u201d Cement and Concrete Research, V. 107, May 2018, pp. 101-109. doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.020"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roussel, N., \u201cA Thixotropy Model for Fresh Fluid Concretes: Theory, Validation and Applications,\u201d Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 10, Oct. 2006, pp. 1797-1806. doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.05.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.05.025"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes, H. A., and Nguyen, Q. D., \u201cRotating Vane Rheometry\u2014A Review,\u201d Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, V. 98, No. 1, Mar. 2001, pp. 1-14. doi: 10.1016\/S0377-0257(01)00095-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0257(01)00095-7"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stickland, A. D.; Kumar, A.; Kusuma, T. E.; Scales, P. J.; Tindley, A.; Biggs, S.; and Buscall, R., \u201cThe Effect of Premature Wall Yield on Creep Testing of Strongly Flocculated Suspensions,\u201d Rheologica Acta, V. 54, No. 5, May 2015, pp. 337-352. doi: 10.1007\/s00397-015-0847-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00397-015-0847-x"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mechtcherine, V.; Bos, F. P.; Perrot, A.; Leal da Silva, W. R.; Nerella, V. N.; Fataei, S.; Wolfs, R. J. M.; Sonebi, M.; and Roussel, N., \u201cExtrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing with Cement-Based Materials \u2013 Production Steps, Processes, and Their Underlying Physics: A Review,\u201d Cement and Concrete Research, V. 132, June 2020, p. 106037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106037"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza Reales, O. A.; Duda, P.; Silva, E. C. C. M.; Paiva, M. D. M.; and Toledo Filho, R. D., \u201cNanosilica Particles as Structural Buildup Agents for 3D Printing with Portland Cement Pastes,\u201d Construction and Building Materials, V. 219, Sept. 2019, pp. 91-100. doi: 10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.174"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wangler, T.; Lloret, E.; Reiter, L.; Hack, N.; Gramazio, F.; Kohler, M.; Bernhard, M.; Dillenburger, B.; Buchli, J.; Roussel, N.; and Flatt, R., \u201cDigital Concrete: Opportunities and Challenges,\u201d RILEM Technical Letters, V. 1, 2016, pp. 67-75. doi: 10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2016.16","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2016.16"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roussel, N., and Cussigh, F., \u201cDistinct-Layer Casting of SCC: The Mechanical Consequences of Thixotropy,\u201d Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 5, May 2008, pp. 624-632. doi: 10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.09.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.09.023"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z.; Wang, H.; Provis, J. L.; Bullen, F.; Reid, A.; and Zhu, Y., \u201cQuantitative Kinetic and Structural Analysis of Geopolymers. Part 1. The Activation of Metakaolin with Sodium Hydroxide,\u201d Thermochimica Acta, V. 539, July 2012, pp. 23-33. doi: 10.1016\/j.tca.2012.03.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2012.03.021"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, X.; Zhang, Z.; Zhu, H.; and Chen, Y., \u201cGeopolymerization Process of Alkali\u2013Metakaolinite Characterized by Isothermal Calorimetry,\u201d Thermochimica Acta, V. 493, No. 1-2, Sept. 2009, pp. 49-54. doi: 10.1016\/j.tca.2009.04.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2009.04.002"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, J.; Li, X.; Tan, J.; and Vandevyvere, B., \u201cThermal and Compressive Behaviors of Fly Ash and Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer,\u201d Journal of Building Engineering, V. 30, July 2020, p. 101307.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101307"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashir, S. T.; Yang, L.; Liggat, J. J.; and Thomason, J. L., \u201cKinetics of Dissolution of Glass Fibre in Hot Alkaline Solution,\u201d Journal of Materials Science, V. 53, No. 3, Feb. 2018, pp. 1710-1722. doi: 10.1007\/s10853-017-1627-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1627-z"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longhi, M. A.; Walkley, B.; Rodr\u00edguez, E. D.; Kirchheim, A. P.; Zhang, Z.; and Wang, H., \u201cNew Selective Dissolution Process to Quantify Reaction Extent and Product Stability in Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers,\u201d Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 176, Nov. 2019, p. 107172. doi: 10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107172"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, J. L.; Sarin, P.; Driemeyer, P. E.; Haggerty, R. P.; Chupas, P. J.; and Kriven, W. M., \u201cX-Ray Pair Distribution Function Analysis of a Metakaolin-Based, KAlSi2O6\u20225.5H2O Inorganic Polymer (Geopolymer),\u201d Journal of Materials Chemistry, V. 18, No. 48, 2008, pp. 5974-5981. doi: 10.1039\/b808157c","DOI":"10.1039\/b808157c"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, C. E.; Provis, J. L.; Proffen, T.; and Van Deventer, J. S. J., \u201cThe Effects of Temperature on the Local Structure of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Binder: A Neutron Pair Distribution Function Investigation,\u201d Journal of the American Ceramic Society, V. 93, No. 10, 2010, pp. 3486-3492. doi: 10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2010.03906.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2010.03906.x"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sack, R. O., and Ghiorso, M. S., \u201cThermodynamics of Feldspathoid Solutions,\u201d Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, V. 130, No. 3-4, Feb. 1998, pp. 256-274. doi: 10.1007\/s004100050364","DOI":"10.1007\/s004100050364"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gadkar, A., and Subramaniam, K. V. L., \u201cAn Evaluation of Yield and Maxwell Fluid Behaviors of Fly Ash Suspensions in Alkali-Silicate Solutions,\u201d Materials and Structures, V. 52, No. 6, Dec. 2019, Articl 117.","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-019-1429-7"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, B., and Tan, M. J., \u201cExperimental Study on Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer for 3D Concrete Printing,\u201d Ceramics International, V. 44, No. 9, June 2018, pp. 10258-10265. doi: 10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.03.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.03.031"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, B.; Bhagath Singh, G. V. P.; Unluer, C.; and Tan, M. J., \u201cSynthesis and Characterization of One-Part Geopolymers for Extrusion Based 3D Concrete Printing,\u201d Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 220, May 2019, pp. 610-619. doi: 10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.185"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondepudi, K., and Subramaniam, K. V. L., \u201cRheological Characterization of Low-Calcium Fly Ash Suspensions in Alkaline Silicate Colloidal Solutions for Geopolymer Concrete Production,\u201d Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 234, Oct. 2019, pp. 690-701. doi: 10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.124"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Banfill, P. F. G., \u201cRheology of Fresh Cement and Concrete,\u201d Rheology Reviews, The British Society of Rheology, UK, V. 2006, 2006, pp. 61-130."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panda, B.; Paul, S. C.; Mohamed, N. A. N.; Tay, Y. W. D.; and Tan, M. J., \u201cMeasurement of Tensile Bond Strength of 3D Printed Geopolymer Mortar,\u201d Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, V. 113, Jan. 2018, pp. 108-116.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.08.051"}],"container-title":["ACI Materials Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.concrete.org\/publications\/getarticle.aspx?m=icap&pubid=51733122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T13:58:39Z","timestamp":1761227919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.concrete.org\/publications\/internationalconcreteabstractsportal.aspx?m=details&id=51733122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/51733122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-325X","0889-325X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-325X","type":"print"},{"value":"0889-325X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}}}