{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:02:00Z","timestamp":1760403720186,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Concrete Institute","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SJ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.14359\/51744392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:39:37Z","timestamp":1740393577000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Behavior of Concrete Columns Reinforced with Thermomechanically Treated and Cold-Twisted Ribbed Steel Bars"],"prefix":"10.14359","volume":"122","member":"5513","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"ACI Committee 318, \u201cBuilding Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),\u201d American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 624 pp."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"EN 1998-1:2005, \u201cEurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance\u2014Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings,\u201d European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2005."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"GB-50011-2010, \u201cCode for Seismic Design of Buildings,\u201d Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing, China, 2010."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"NZS 3101.1:2006, \u201cConcrete Structures Standard, The Design of Concrete Structures,\u201d Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2006."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dooley, K. L., and Bracci, J. M., \u201cSeismic Evaluation of Column-to-Beam Strength Ratios in Reinforced Concrete Frames,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 98, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2001, pp. 843-851.","DOI":"10.14359\/10751"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"ASTM A615\/A615M-16, \u201cStandard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,\u201d ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2022."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilham, R.; Lodi, S.; Hough, S.; Bukhary, S.; Khan, A. M.; and Rafeeqi, S., \u201cSeismic Hazard in Karachi, Pakistan: Uncertain Past, Uncertain Future,\u201d Seismological Research Letters, V. 78, No. 6, 2007, pp.\u00a0601-613. doi: 10.1785\/gssrl.78.6.601","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.78.6.601"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, M. M.; Wasiuddin, S.; and Hameed Siddiqui, S., \u201cAssessment of Fire Hazard in Pakistan,\u201d Disaster Prevention and Management, V. 21, No.\u00a01, 2012, pp. 71-84. doi: 10.1108\/09653561211202719","DOI":"10.1108\/09653561211202719"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, M. M.; Lodi, S. H.; and Nizam, A., \u201cChemical and Mechanical Properties of Steel Rebars Manufactured in Pakistan and Their Design Implications,\u201d Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 26, No.\u00a02, 2014, pp. 338-348. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000812","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000812"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achamyeleh, T.; \u00c7amur, H.; Sava\u015f, M. A.; and Evcil, A., \u201cMechanical Strength Variability of Deformed Reinforcing Steel Bars for Concrete Structures in Ethiopia,\u201d Scientific Reports, V. 12, No. 1, 2022, pp. 1-10. doi: 10.1038\/s41598-022-06654-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06654-1"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Haddad, M. S., \u201cCurvature Ductility of RC Beams under Low and High Strain Rates,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 92, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1995, pp. 526-534.","DOI":"10.14359\/903"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Apeh, J., and Okoli, G., \u201cEvaluation of Ductility Index of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Rebars Milled from Scrap Metals,\u201d Concrete Research Letters, V. 7, No. 2, 2016, pp. 56-68."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charif, A.; Mourad, S. M.; and Khan, M. I., \u201cFlexural Behavior of Beams Reinforced with Steel Bars Exceeding the Nominal Yield Strength,\u201d Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, V. 13, No. 5, 2016, pp.\u00a0945-963. doi: 10.1590\/1679-78251683","DOI":"10.1590\/1679-78251683"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goksu, C.; Yilmaz, H.; Chowdhury, S.; Orakcal, K.; and Ilki, A., \u201cThe Effect of Lap Splice Length on the Cyclic Lateral Load Behavior of RC Members with Low-Strength Concrete and Plain Bars,\u201d Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 17, No. 5, 2014, pp. 639-658. doi: 10.1260\/1369-4332.17.5.639","DOI":"10.1260\/1369-4332.17.5.639"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kankam, C. K., \u201cBond Strength of Reinforcing Steel Bars Milled from Scrap Metals,\u201d Materials & Design, V. 25, No. 3, 2004, pp. 231-238. doi: 10.1016\/j.matdes.2003.09.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2003.09.011"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odusote, J. K.; Shittu, W.; Adeleke, A. A.; Ikubanni, P. P.; and Adeyemo, O., \u201cChemical and Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Steel Bars from Local Steel Plants,\u201d Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, V. 19, No. 4, 2019, pp. 1067-1076. doi: 10.1007\/s11668-019-00695-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11668-019-00695-x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.-G.; Park, H.-G.; and Eom, T.-S., \u201cEffects of Type of Bar Lap Splice on Reinforced Concrete Columns Subjected to Cyclic Loading,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 116, No. 2, Mar. 2019, pp. 183-194. doi: 10.14359\/51711142","DOI":"10.14359\/51711142"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, K. K., and Sheikh, S. A., \u201cSeismic Upgrade with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer of Columns Containing Lap-Spliced Reinforcing Bars,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2007, pp. 227-236.","DOI":"10.14359\/18535"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.-G.; Park, H.-G.; and Eom, T.-S., \u201cSeismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Lap Splices in Plastic Hinge Region,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 115, No. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 235-245. doi: 10.14359\/51701109","DOI":"10.14359\/51701109"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynn, A. C.; Moehle, J. P.; Mahin, S. A.; and Holmes, W. T., \u201cSeismic Evaluation of Existing Reinforced Concrete Building Columns,\u201d Earthquake Spectra, V. 12, No. 4, 1996, pp. 715-739. doi: 10.1193\/1.1585907","DOI":"10.1193\/1.1585907"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melek, M., and Wallace, J. W., \u201cCyclic Behavior of Columns with Short Lap Splices,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 101, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2004, pp. 802-811.","DOI":"10.14359\/13455"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Boyes, A.; Bull, D. K.; and Pampanin, S., \u201cSeismic Performance of Concrete Columns with Inadequate Transverse Reinforcement,\u201d New Zealand Concrete Industry Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, 2008."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C. S., and Han, S. W., \u201cCyclic Behaviour of Lightly-Reinforced Concrete Columns with Short Lap Splices Subjected to Unidirectional and Bidirectional Loadings,\u201d Engineering Structures, V. 189, 2019, pp.\u00a0373-384. doi: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.03.108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.03.108"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehmood, T.; Rodsin, K.; Warnitchai, P.; and Kolozvari, K., \u201cInvestigating the Vulnerability of Nonductile Reinforced Concrete Columns in Moderate Seismic Regions to Gravity Load Collapse,\u201d Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, V. 28, No. 4, 2019, p. e1578. doi: 10.1002\/tal.1578","DOI":"10.1002\/tal.1578"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Hannewald, P.; Bimschas, M.; and Dazio, A., \u201cQuasi-Static Cyclic Tests on RC Bridge Piers with Detailing Deficiencies,\u201d IBK Bericht 352, 2013."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboutaha, R. S.; Engelhardt, M. D.; Jirsa, J. O.; and Kreger, M.\u00a0E., \u201cExperimental Investigation of Seismic Repair of Lap Splice Failures in Damaged Concrete Columns,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 96, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1999, pp. 297-306.","DOI":"10.14359\/622"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haroun, M. A., and Elsanadedy, H. M., \u201cFiber-Reinforced Plastic Jackets for Ductility Enhancement of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns with Poor Lap-Splice Detailing,\u201d Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 10, No. 6, 2005, pp. 749-757. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:6(749)","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:6(749)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harries, K. A.; Ricles, J. R.; Pessiki, S.; and Sause, R., \u201cSeismic Retrofit of Lap Splices in Nonductile Square Columns Using Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Jackets,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2006, pp. 874-884.","DOI":"10.14359\/18242"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harajli, M. H., and Dagher, F., \u201cSeismic Strengthening of Bond-Critical Regions in Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Columns Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wraps,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 105, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2008, pp. 68-77.","DOI":"10.14359\/19070"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElGawady, M.; Endeshaw, M.; McLean, D.; and Sack, R., \u201cRetrofitting of Rectangular Columns with Deficient Lap Splices,\u201d Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 14, No. 1, 2010, pp. 22-35. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000047","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000047"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harajli, M. H., \u201cSeismic Behavior of RC Columns with Bond-Critical Regions: Criteria for Bond Strengthening Using External FRP Jackets,\u201d Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 12, No. 1, 2008, pp.\u00a069-79. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:1(69)","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:1(69)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bournas, D. A.; Triantafillou, T. C.; Zygouris, K.; and Stavropoulos,\u00a0F., \u201cTextile-Reinforced Mortar versus FRP Jacketing in Seismic Retrofitting of RC Columns with Continuous or Lap-Spliced Deformed Bars,\u201d Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 13, No. 5, 2009, pp.\u00a0360-371. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000028","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000028"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pam, H., and Ho, J., \u201cEffects of Steel Lap Splice Locations on Strength and Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Columns,\u201d Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 13, No. 1, 2010, pp. 199-214. doi: 10.1260\/1369-4332.13.1.199","DOI":"10.1260\/1369-4332.13.1.199"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S. R., and Orakcal, K., \u201cAnalytical Modeling of Columns with Inadequate Lap Splices,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2013, pp. 735-744.","DOI":"10.14359\/51685827"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grammatikou, S.; Biskinis, D.; and Fardis, M. N., \u201cEffect of Load Cycling, FRP Jackets, and Lap-Splicing of Longitudinal Bars on the Effective Stiffness and Ultimate Deformation of Flexure-Controlled RC Members,\u201d Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 144, No. 6, 2018, p. 04018056. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002045","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002045"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y.; Zeng, B.; Zhou, Z.; Wei, Y.; and Zhu, M., \u201cSeismic Retrofitting of RC Columns Using Stainless Steel Grid-Reinforced UHPC Jackets in Plastic Hinge Zone,\u201d Journal of Building Engineering, V. 84, 2024, p.\u00a0108637. doi: 10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.108637"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, B.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Y.; Huang, X.; and Zhu, Z., \u201cSeismic Performance of Shear-Critical RC Columns Strengthened by Multiple Composites Considering Shifted Failure Zone,\u201d Case Studies in Construction Materials, V. 20, 2024, p. e02971.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e02971"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, Y.; Zhang, T.; Nie, X.; and Zhang, S., \u201cCompressive Behavior of RC Columns Strengthened with FRP and Prefabricated UHPC Blocks,\u201d Engineering Structures, V. 314, 2024, p. 118290. doi: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2024.118290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2024.118290"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Ludovico, M.; Verderame, G. M.; Prota, A.; Manfredi, G.; and Cosenza, E., \u201cCyclic Behavior of Nonconforming Full-Scale RC Columns,\u201d Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 140, No. 5, 2014, p. 04013107. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000891","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000891"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melo, J.; Varum, H.; and Rossetto, T., \u201cExperimental Cyclic Behaviour of RC Columns with Plain Bars and Proposal for Eurocode 8 Formula Improvement,\u201d Engineering Structures, V. 88, 2015, pp. 22-36. doi: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.01.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.01.033"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verderame, G. M.; Fabbrocino, G.; and Manfredi, G., \u201cSeismic Response of R.C. Columns with Smooth Reinforcement. Part II: Cyclic Tests,\u201d Engineering Structures, V. 30, No. 9, 2008, pp. 2289-2300. doi: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2008.01.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2008.01.024"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, H.; Ar\u00eade, A.; Varum, H.; and Costa, A. G., \u201cExperimental Evaluation of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Column Behaviour under Biaxial Cyclic Loading,\u201d Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 42, No. 2, 2013, pp. 239-259. doi: 10.1002\/eqe.2205","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2205"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Kawashima, K.; Ogimoto, H.; Hayakawa, R.; and Watanabe, G., \u201cEffect of Bilateral Excitation on the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns,\u201d 8th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, 2006."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S.-Y., \u201cExperimental Studies of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns under Axial Load Plus Biaxial Bending,\u201d Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 136, No. 1, 2010, pp. 12-25. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2010)136:1(12)","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(2010)136:1(12)"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.-G.; Park, H.-G.; and Eom, T.-S., \u201cEffects of Type of Bar Lap Splice on Reinforced Concrete Columns Subjected to Cyclic Loading,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 116, No. 2, Mar. 2019, pp. 183-194. doi: 10.14359\/51711142","DOI":"10.14359\/51711142"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pam, H. J., and Ho, J. C., \u201cEffects of Steel Lap Splice Locations on Strength and Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Columns,\u201d Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 13, No. 1, 2010, pp. 199-214. doi: 10.1260\/1369-4332.13.1.199","DOI":"10.1260\/1369-4332.13.1.199"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, R.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Y.; and Tao, X., \u201cSeismic Behavior of Recycled Concrete Columns Reinforced with Ultra-High-Strength Steel Bars,\u201d Engineering Structures, V. 279, 2023, p. 115633. doi: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.115633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2023.115633"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.; Wu, K.; Pan, J.; Zhao, C.; Wang, F.; Zhang, B.; and Liu, Q., \u201cExperimental Investigation on Seismic Performance of Columns Enhanced by High-Strength Steel Bars and Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete,\u201d Case Studies in Construction Materials, V. 20, 2024, p. e03377.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03377"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.; Xiong, X.; He, L.; Zhang, X.; and He, M., \u201cBehavior of Large-Scale Concrete Columns Reinforced with High-Strength and High-Toughness Steel Bars under Axial and Eccentric Compression,\u201d Journal of Building Engineering, V. 79, 2023, p. 107766. doi: 10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.107766"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, M. M., and Khan, M. S., \u201cAssessment of Use of Steel Bars with Unintended High Strength in Tied Columns,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V.\u00a0121, No. 5, Sept. 2024, pp. 65-76. doi: 10.14359\/51740852","DOI":"10.14359\/51740852"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, M. M.; Dahar, A. B.; Aziz, T.; and Lodi, S. H., \u201cElevated Temperature Testing of Thermomechanically Treated Steel Bars,\u201d Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 32, No. 6, 2020, p. 04020145. doi: 10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003202","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003202"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, M. M.; Dahar, A. B.; and Aziz, T., \u201cHigh-Temperature Behaviour of Thermo-Mechanically Treated and Cold-Drawn Twisted Steel Bars,\u201d Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers\u2014Construction Materials, V. 175, No. 4, 2022, pp. 186-196. 10.1680\/jcoma.18.00014","DOI":"10.1680\/jcoma.18.00014"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ACI Committee 363, \u201cHigh-Strength Concrete (ACI 363R),\u201d 7th International Symposium on the Utilization of High-Strength\/High-Performance Concrete, SP-228, H. G. Russell, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, pp. 79-80. doi: 10.14359\/14461","DOI":"10.14359\/14461"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"BS 4449:1997, \u201cSpecification for Carbon Steel Bars for the Reinforcement of Concrete,\u201d British Standards Institution, London, UK, 1997."},{"key":"ref55","unstructured":"ACI Committee 374, \u201cAcceptance Criteria for Moment Frames Based on Structural Testing and Commentary (ACI 374.1-05) (Reapproved 2019),\u201d American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, 9 pp."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafi, M.; Lodi, S.; Al-Sadoon, Z.; Saatcioglu, M.; and Palermo, D., \u201cShake-Table Testing of Deficient Reinforced Concrete Frame Retrofitted with Buckling Restrained Brace,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 118, No. 3, May 2021, pp. 161-173.","DOI":"10.14359\/51729351"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, L.; Zhang, S.; Han, J.; Li, D.; and Du, X., \u201cEffect of Cross-Section Size on Flexural Compressive Failure of RC Columns: Monotonic and Cyclic Tests,\u201d Engineering Structures, V. 186, 2019, pp. 456-470. doi: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.02.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.02.040"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, R., \u201cEvaluation of Ductility of Structures and Structural Assemblages from Laboratory Testing,\u201d Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, V. 22, No. 3, 1989, pp. 155-166. doi: 10.5459\/bnzsee.22.3.155-166","DOI":"10.5459\/bnzsee.22.3.155-166"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opabola, E. A., and Elwood, K. J., \u201cSeismic Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Short Lap Splices,\u201d Earthquake Spectra, V.\u00a037, No. 3, 2021, pp. 1726-1757. doi: 10.1177\/8755293021994834","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293021994834"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"ACI Committee 369, \u201cGuide for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Frame Buildings and Commentary (ACI 369-11),\u201d American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 35 pp."},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"FEMA 273, \u201cNEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA 273),\u201d Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, DC, 1997."},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M., and Rodriguez, V., \u201cPerformance-Based Earthquake-Resistant Design of Confined Masonry Walls,\u201d Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (12WCEE), Auckland, New Zealand, 2000."},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"ASCE 41-17, \u201cSeismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings,\u201d American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2017."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elwood, K. J.; Matamoros, A. B.; Wallace, J. W.; Lehman, D. E.; Heintz, J. A.; Mitchell, A. D.; Moore, M. A.; Valley, M. T.; Lowes, L. N.; Comartin, C. D.; and Moehle, J. P., \u201cUpdate to ASCE\/SEI 41 Concrete Provisions,\u201d Earthquake Spectra, V. 23, No. 3, 2007, pp. 493-523. doi: 10.1193\/1.2757714","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2757714"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opabola, E. A., and Elwood, K. J., \u201cSimplified Approaches for Estimating Yield Rotation of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Components,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 4, July 2020, pp. 279-291.","DOI":"10.14359\/51724667"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Park, R., and Paulay, T., Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley\u00a0& Sons, Inc., New York, 1991."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sungjin, B., and Bayrak, O., \u201cPlastic Hinge Length of Reinforced Concrete Columns,\u201d ACI Structural Journal, V. 105, No. 3, May-June 2008, pp. 290-300.","DOI":"10.14359\/19788"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"Fedak, L. K., \u201cEvaluation of Plastic Hinge Models and Inelastic Analysis Tools for Performance-Based Seismic Design of RC Bridge Columns,\u201d master\u2019s thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 2012."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L.; Pan, J.; Lu, C.; and Yin, W., \u201cDevelopment Mechanism of Plastic Hinge in Reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composite Beams under Monotonic Loading,\u201d Structural Concrete, V. 20, No. 1, 2019, pp.\u00a0252-266. doi: 10.1002\/suco.201800009","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201800009"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.; Gong, J.; Zhang, Q.; and Han, S., \u201cEquivalent Damping Ratio Model of Flexure-Shear Critical RC Columns,\u201d Engineering Structures, V. 130, 2017, pp. 52-66. doi: 10.1016\/j.engstruct.2016.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2016.10.003"}],"container-title":["ACI Structural Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.concrete.org\/publications\/getarticle.aspx?m=icap&pubid=51744392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T18:54:55Z","timestamp":1760381695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.concrete.org\/publications\/internationalconcreteabstractsportal.aspx?m=details&id=51744392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14359\/51744392","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-3241","0889-3241"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0889-3241"},{"type":"electronic","value":"0889-3241"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}