{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T08:46:36Z","timestamp":1753519596838,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-ultrasonography.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasonography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: This study aimed to explore the effects of both the presence and size of posterior subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage (PS-GMH), considered a mild form of hemorrhage, on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants.Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 221 extremely preterm infants, assessing their initial and term-equivalent age (TEA) cranial ultrasound (cUS) examinations from 2016 to 2021. Infants were classified based on the presence and size (small\/large) of PS-GMH. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at corrected ages of 18-24 months were analyzed in 135 infants.Results: PS-GMH was identified in 86.9% (192\/221) of the infants, with 13.5% (26\/192) exhibiting large PS-GMH. Among the 135 infants who were followed up, those with PS-GMH were found to have younger gestational ages (P&amp;lt;0.001) and a higher incidence of maternal chorioamnionitis (P=0.016) than those without PS-GMH. Significant differences were observed in the incidence of grade II intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on initial cUS (P=0.003) and ventriculomegaly at TEA cUS (P=0.026) across the groups with no PS-GMH, small PS-GMH, and large PS-GMH. The large PS-GMH group exhibited a higher occurrence of grade II IVH than the small PS-GMH group (P=0.006). However, ventriculomegaly incidence did not significantly vary with PS-GMH status. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were also not significantly different across PS-GMH statuses. The adjusted odds ratios for any neurodevelopmental impairment, compared to the no PS-GMH group, were 1.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40 to 7.26; P=0.471) for all PS-GMH, 1.61 (95% CI, 0.37 to 6.93; P=0.526) for small PS-GMH, and 3.84 (95% CI, 0.62 to 24.00; P=0.150) for large PS-GMH.Conclusion: PS-GMH was frequently observed in extremely preterm infants; however, it did not independently predict adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.24110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T06:56:24Z","timestamp":1727247384000},"page":"48-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14366\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Posterior subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage as a mild form of hemorrhage in extremely preterm infants: neurodevelopmental outcomes at corrected ages of 18-24 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