{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T06:44:23Z","timestamp":1782801863181,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Korean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-ultrasonography.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ultrasonography"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic pelvic pain is a common clinical condition among women and accounts for up to 15% of gynecological consultations. Pelvic pain of venous origin is one of the main gynecological causes of chronic pelvic pain, accounting for 16%\u201331% of cases. Several imaging modalities can be used to evaluate pelvic venous disorders; among them, ultrasonography is a first-line method because it provides real-time anatomical and functional assessment of the pelvic veins. This article reviews pelvic venous anatomy, etiopathogenic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and imaging findings associated with pelvic venous disorders. Using illustrative cases, this review emphasizes the role of transvaginal ultrasound in detecting pelvic varices, venous insufficiency, and morphological and functional abnormalities, thereby supporting accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.25270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T23:56:09Z","timestamp":1782690969000},"page":"325-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14366\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pelvic pain of venous origin: diagnostic insights from transvaginal ultrasonography"],"prefix":"10.14366","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6341-9579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francine Freitas","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3405-7063","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabela Rodrigues","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4364-9950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuella Brand\u00e3o Barreto","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9317-2105","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joana","family":"Storino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4272-646X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fanilda Souto","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-7738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathalia Cardoso","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9611-1633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dion\u00e9sio Oliveira","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2924-9575","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio","family":"Cossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-2532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edward Araujo","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-6569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gustavo Yano","family":"Callado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9285-1722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandre Freitas Teixeira","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-1075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luciana Pardini","family":"Chamie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5473","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000003716"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1102998"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180159"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s0392-9590.19.04237-8"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1810764"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Pelvic congestion syndrome: prevalence and quality of life","author":"Lazarashvili","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.12.084"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2024.101800"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355516677135"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography10070088"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355514554638"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355514531952"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Anatomy, abdomen, and pelvis, ovary. In: StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Gibson"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"735","volume-title":"Anatomy of the gonadal veins: a reappraisal","author":"Lechter","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.5.1831411"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-024-03782-1"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2014.01.030"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030245"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1309-0968"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9739\/tjvs.2021.s56898"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2016.01.002"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102337"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.2014556"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355517702057"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Pelvic congestion syndrome: an update","author":"Monedero","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1988.tb06845.x"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.129114"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.314105193"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02683555241311445"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2024.101851"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-54492010000200002"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010145"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1544316719870069"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2023.01.004"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Thrombosis of a parametrial vein with subsequent recanalization: a case report","author":"Koehler","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2016.11.19"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/79155839"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-023-00365-y"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-018-0503-6"}],"container-title":["Ultrasonography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/e-ultrasonography.org\/upload\/usg-25270.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-ultrasonography.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.14366\/usg.25270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-ultrasonography.org\/upload\/usg-25270.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:55:06Z","timestamp":1782798906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-ultrasonography.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.14366\/usg.25270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14366\/usg.25270","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-5919","2288-5943"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-5919","type":"print"},{"value":"2288-5943","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}