{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:45:37Z","timestamp":1783727137439,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Texas Heart Institute Journal","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection is an important complication of cardiac implantable electronic device procedures. To further study the factors associated with infection, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 3,205 consecutive patients who had undergone de novo or revision cardiac electronic device implantation at our institution from March 2011 through March 2015. We recorded all infections and specified whether they were related to the characteristics of the patient, device, or procedure. To identify predictors of infection, we performed multivariate analysis.<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>Device infections were identified in 85 patients (2.7%), at a mean follow-up time of 27 \u00b1 11 months. The main predictors of device infection were use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator device (odds ratio [OR]=16; 95% CI, 4.14\u201361.85; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0001), stage 3 chronic kidney disease (OR=9.41; 95% CI, 1.77\u201350.04; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.009), a revision procedure (OR=8.8; 95% CI, 3.37\u201323.2; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0001), or postoperative hematoma (OR=6.9; 95% CI, 1.58\u201330.2; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.01). We also identified 2 novel predictors of infection: a low body mass index of &lt;20 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (OR=1.03; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.06; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.005), and use of povidone-iodine rather than chlorhexidine-alcohol for topical antisepsis (OR=4.4; 95% CI, 2.01\u20139.4; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.03).<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>We conclude that comorbidities, device characteristics, procedure types, and postoperative noninfective complications all increase the risk of device infection after a cardiac implantable electronic device procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14503\/thij-17-6300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T18:22:58Z","timestamp":1532456578000},"page":"128-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["New Insights into Predictors of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection"],"prefix":"10.14503","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfath","family":"Alizadehdiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirfarjam","family":"Fazelifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Emkanjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Haghjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5628","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b1","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"590","article-title":"Rising rates of cardiac rhythm management device infections in the United States: 1996 through 2003","volume":"48","year":"2006","unstructured":"Voigt\n              A\n            , ShalabyA, SabaS.\n          Rising rates of cardiac rhythm management device infections in the United States: 1996 through 2003. 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Heart Rhythm2014;11(4):595\u2013601."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b24","series-title":"Europace","first-page":"767","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polyzos\n              KA\n            , KonstanteliasAA, FalagasME.\n          Risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace2015;17(5):767\u20137."},{"key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b25","series-title":"Adv Prev Med","first-page":"357087","article-title":"Cardiac implantable electronic device infection: from an infection prevention perspective","volume":"2015","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sastry\n              S\n            , RahmanR, YassinMH.\n          Cardiac implantable electronic device infection: from an infection prevention perspective. Adv Prev Med2015;2015:357087."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b26","series-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol","first-page":"1099","article-title":"End-stage renal disease predicts complications in pacemaker and ICD implants","volume":"22","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tompkins\n              C\n            , McLeanR, ChengA, BrinkerJA, MarineJE, NazarianS, \n          et al. End-stage renal disease predicts complications in pacemaker and ICD implants. 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Lancet2015;386(10008):2069\u201377."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b35","series-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol","first-page":"240","article-title":"The impact of changing antiseptic skin preparation agent used for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures on the risk of infection","volume":"38","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qintar\n              M\n            , ZardkoohiO, HammadahM, HsuA, WazniO, WilkoffBL, TarakjiKG.\n          The impact of changing antiseptic skin preparation agent used for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures on the risk of infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol2015;38(2):240\u20136."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b36","series-title":"Europace","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Preoperative skin antiseptics for prevention of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: a historical-controlled interventional trial comparing aqueous against alcoholic povidone-iodine solutions","volume":"17","year":"2015","unstructured":"Da Costa\n              A\n            , TulaneC, DauphinotV, TerreauxJ, Romeyer-BouchardC, Gate-MartinetA, \n          et al. Preoperative skin antiseptics for prevention of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: a historical-controlled interventional trial comparing aqueous against alcoholic povidone-iodine solutions. Europace2015;17(7):1092\u20138."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b37","series-title":"Europace","first-page":"1067","article-title":"High prevalence of asymptomatic bacterial colonization of rhythm management devices","volume":"10","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pichlmaier\n              M\n            , MarwitzV, KuhnC, NiehausM, KleinG, BaraC, \n          et al. High prevalence of asymptomatic bacterial colonization of rhythm management devices. Europace2008;10(9):1067\u201372."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b38","series-title":"Semin Immunol","first-page":"86","article-title":"Foreign body reaction to biomaterials","volume":"20","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson\n              JM\n            , RodriguezA, ChangDT.\n          Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. Semin Immunol2008;20(2):86\u2013100."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b39","series-title":"Acta Biomater","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Microbial biofilm growth vs tissue integration: \u201cthe race for the surface\u201d experimentally studied","volume":"5","year":"2009","unstructured":"Subbiahdoss\n              G\n            , KuijerR, GrijpmaDW, van der MeiHC, BusscherHJ.\n          Microbial biofilm growth vs tissue integration: \u201cthe race for the surface\u201d experimentally studied. Acta Biomater2009;5(5):1399\u2013404."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1526-6702-45-3-128-b40","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"412","article-title":"Management of recalled pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a decision analysis model","volume":"296","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amin\n              MS\n            , MatcharDB, WoodMA, EllenbogenKA.\n          Management of recalled pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a decision analysis model. 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