{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:05:26Z","timestamp":1787022326248,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Texas Heart Institute Journal","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial ischemia and left ventricular dysfunction have been documented in young adults with familial hypercholesterolemia. We investigated whether speckle-tracking echocardiography can be used to detect subclinically impaired global and regional myocardial function in patients with this lipid disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This single-center study included 47 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and 37 healthy control subjects who underwent transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and speckle-tracking echocardiography from January 2003 through December 2016. Conventional echocardiographic and strain parameters in the 2 groups were analyzed and compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Left ventricular dimensions were significantly larger at end-diastole (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.02) and end-systole (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.013), left ventricular walls were significantly thicker (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001), and the early transmitral\/early diastolic mitral annular velocity ratio was significantly higher (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.006) in the patient group than in the control group. In the patient group, global longitudinal and circumferential strain values were significantly lower (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001) and global radial strain values significantly higher (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.006); all segmental longitudinal strain (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.04) and most segmental circumferential strain values (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u22640.01) were significantly lower; and some segmental radial strains, especially at the apex, were significantly higher (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u22640.04). However, average longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains in the different segments of the 3 main coronary artery territories were significantly lower in the patient group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.01). Global longitudinal strain (r=0.561;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.001) and global circumferential strain (r=0.565;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001) were inversely correlated with low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We conclude that speckle-tracking echocardiography can be used to detect subclinical global and regional systolic abnormalities in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14503\/thij-18-6720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T16:41:02Z","timestamp":1623948062000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography for Detecting Subclinical Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia"],"prefix":"10.14503","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Rongjuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjie","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lvya","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoting","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5628","reference":[{"issue":"45","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b1","series-title":"Eur Heart J","first-page":"3478","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society","volume":"34","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nordestgaard\n              BG,\n            \n            \n              Chapman\n              MJ,\n            \n            \n              Humphries\n              SE,\n            \n            \n              Ginsberg\n              HN,\n            \n            \n              Masana\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Descamps\n              OS,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tFamilial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur Heart J2013;34(45):3478\u201390a."},{"key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b2","series-title":"PLoS Curr","first-page":"RRN1238","article-title":"Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)","volume":"3","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ned\n              RM,\n            \n            \n              Sijbrands\n              EJ.\n            \n          \n          Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).\n\t\t\t\t\tPLoS Curr2011;3:RRN1238."},{"issue":"24","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b3","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"2943","article-title":"Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children","volume":"104","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jarvisalo\n              MJ,\n            \n            \n              Jartti\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Nanto-Salonen\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Irjala\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Ronnemaa\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Hartiala\n              JJ,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tIncreased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children.\n\t\t\t\t\tCirculation2001;104(24):2943\u20137."},{"issue":"8828","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b4","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis","volume":"340","year":"1992","unstructured":"Celermajer\n              DS,\n            \n            \n              Sorensen\n              KE,\n            \n            \n              Gooch\n              VM,\n            \n            \n              Spiegelhalter\n              DJ,\n            \n            \n              Miller\n              OI,\n            \n            \n              Sullivan\n              ID,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tNon-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tLancet1992;340(8828):1111\u20135."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b5","series-title":"Am J Cardiol","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Detection of silent coronary artery disease in adolescents and young adults with familial hypercholesterolemia by single-photon emission computed tomography thallium-201 scanning","volume":"70","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mouratidis\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Vaughan-Neil\n              EF,\n            \n            \n              Gilday\n              DL,\n            \n            \n              Ash\n              JM,\n            \n            \n              Cullen-Dean\n              G,\n            \n            \n              McIntyre\n              S,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDetection of silent coronary artery disease in adolescents and young adults with familial hypercholesterolemia by single-photon emission computed tomography thallium-201 scanning.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Cardiol1992;70(13):1109\u201312."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b6","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e71","article-title":"Early myocardial deformation changes in hypercholesterolemic and obese children and adolescents: a 2D and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography study","volume":"93","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vitarelli\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Martino\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Capotosto\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Martino\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Colantoni\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Ashurov\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tEarly myocardial deformation changes in hypercholesterolemic and obese children and adolescents: a 2D and 3D speckle tracking echocardiography study.\n\t\t\t\t\tMedicine (Baltimore)2014;93(12):e71."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b7","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"249","article-title":"Myocardial deformation imaging by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography for prediction of global and segmental functional changes after acute myocardial infarction: a comparison with late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance","volume":"27","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altiok\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Tiemann\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Becker\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Koos\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Zwicker\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Schroeder\n              J,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tMyocardial deformation imaging by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography for prediction of global and segmental functional changes after acute myocardial infarction: a comparison with late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Soc Echocardiogr2014;27(3):249\u201357."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b8","series-title":"Echocardiography","first-page":"376","article-title":"Prediction of infarct size using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"34","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dogan\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Bayram\n              Z,\n            \n            \n              Candan\n              O,\n            \n            \n              Omaygenc\n              O,\n            \n            \n              Yilmaz\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Acar\n              RD,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPrediction of infarct size using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction.\n\t\t\t\t\tEchocardiography2017;34(3):376\u201382."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b9","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"331","article-title":"Dobutamine-stress echocardiography speckle-tracking imaging in the assessment of hemodynamic significance of coronary artery stenosis in patients with moderate and high probability of coronary artery disease","volume":"52","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rumbinaite\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Zaliaduonyte-Peksiene\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Viezelis\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Ceponiene\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Lapinskas\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Zvirblyte\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDobutamine-stress echocardiography speckle-tracking imaging in the assessment of hemodynamic significance of coronary artery stenosis in patients with moderate and high probability of coronary artery disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tMedicina (Kaunas)2016;52(6):331\u20139."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b10","series-title":"Echocardiography","first-page":"390","article-title":"Myocardial layer-specific analysis in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using speckle tracking echocardiography","volume":"34","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leng\n              Z,\n            \n            \n              Li\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Li\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Yang\n              Y.\n            \n          \n          Myocardial layer-specific analysis in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using speckle tracking echocardiography.\n\t\t\t\t\tEchocardiography2017;34(3):390\u20136."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b11","series-title":"Echocardiography","first-page":"985","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of coronary flow velocity reserve in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography","volume":"27","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Yang\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Li\n              Z,\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Lin\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              L.\n            \n          \n          Noninvasive evaluation of coronary flow velocity reserve in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography.\n\t\t\t\t\tEchocardiography2010;27(8):985\u20139."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b12","series-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol","first-page":"309","article-title":"Phenotypic variation in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a comparison of Chinese patients with the same or similar mutations in the LDL receptor gene in China or Canada","volume":"18","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pimstone\n              SN,\n            \n            \n              Sun\n              XM,\n            \n            \n              du Souich\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Frohlich\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              Hayden\n              MR,\n            \n            \n              Soutar\n              AK.\n            \n          \n          Phenotypic variation in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a comparison of Chinese patients with the same or similar mutations in the LDL receptor gene in China or Canada.\n\t\t\t\t\tArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol1998;18(2):309\u201315."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b13","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"679","article-title":"Analysis of regional left ventricular strain in patients with Chagas disease and normal left ventricular systolic function","volume":"29","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gomes\n              VA,\n            \n            \n              Alves\n              GF,\n            \n            \n              Hadlich\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Azevedo\n              CF,\n            \n            \n              Pereira\n              IM,\n            \n            \n              Santos\n              CR,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAnalysis of regional left ventricular strain in patients with Chagas disease and normal left ventricular systolic function.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Soc Echocardiogr2016;29(7):679\u201388."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b14","series-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging","first-page":"233","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"16","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lang\n              RM,\n            \n            \n              Badano\n              LP,\n            \n            \n              Mor-Avi\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Afilalo\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Armstrong\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Ernande\n              L,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tRecommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of 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Imaging","volume":"17","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagueh\n              SF,\n            \n            \n              Smiseth\n              OA,\n            \n            \n              Appleton\n              CP,\n            \n            \n              Byrd\n              BF\n              3rd,\n            \n            \n              Dokainish\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Edvardsen\n              T,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tRecommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging2016;17(12):1321\u201360."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b17","series-title":"Eur J Echocardiogr","first-page":"926","article-title":"Subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic diabetic patients assessed by two-dimensional 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gastroenterologists, general practitioners and a patient organization","volume":"218","year":"2011","unstructured":"Descamps\n              OS,\n            \n            \n              Tenoutasse\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Stephenne\n              X,\n            \n            \n              Gies\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Beauloye\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Lebrethon\n              MC,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tManagement of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and young adults: consensus paper developed by a panel of lipidologists, cardiologists, paediatricians, nutritionists, gastroenterologists, general practitioners and a patient organization.\n\t\t\t\t\tAtherosclerosis2011;218(2):272\u201380."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b20","series-title":"Int J Cardiol","first-page":"188","article-title":"Seven-year clinical follow-up of a 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Hypercholesterolemia","volume":"5","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goldberg\n              AC,\n            \n            \n              Hopkins\n              PN,\n            \n            \n              Toth\n              PP,\n            \n            \n              Ballantyne\n              CM,\n            \n            \n              Rader\n              DJ,\n            \n            \n              Robinson\n              JG,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tFamilial hypercholesterolemia: screening, diagnosis and management of pediatric and adult patients: clinical guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Lipidol2011;5(3 Suppl):S1\u20138."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b26","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"97","article-title":"Cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction after a cholesterol-rich diet","volume":"109","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huang\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Walker\n              KE,\n            \n            \n              Hanley\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Narula\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Houser\n              SR,\n            \n            \n              Tulenko\n              TN.\n            \n          \n          Cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction after a cholesterol-rich diet.\n\t\t\t\t\tCirculation2004;109(1):97\u2013102."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b27","series-title":"Mol Cell Biochem","first-page":"181","article-title":"Vitamin E slows the progression of hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative stress in heart, liver and kidney","volume":"368","year":"2012","unstructured":"Prasad\n              K,\n            \n            \n              McNair\n              ED,\n            \n            \n              Qureshi\n              AM,\n            \n            \n              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to preserve left ventricular ejection performance in chronic aortic regurgitation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Soc Echocardiogr2012;25(6):620\u20138."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b29","series-title":"Lab Invest","first-page":"1224","article-title":"Downregulated myocardial connexin 43 and suppressed contractility in rabbits subjected to a cholesterol-enriched diet","volume":"85","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin\n              LC,\n            \n            \n              Wu\n              CC,\n            \n            \n              Yeh\n              HI,\n            \n            \n              Lu\n              LS,\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              YB,\n            \n            \n              Lin\n              SF,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              YT.\n            \n          \n          Downregulated myocardial connexin 43 and suppressed contractility in rabbits subjected to a cholesterol-enriched diet.\n\t\t\t\t\tLab Invest2005;85(10):1224\u201337."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b30","series-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol","first-page":"868","article-title":"Association of pravastatin and left ventricular mass in hypercholesterolemic patients: role of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha formation","volume":"40","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee\n              TM,\n            \n            \n              Chou\n              TF,\n            \n            \n              Tsai\n              CH.\n            \n          \n          Association of pravastatin and left ventricular mass in hypercholesterolemic patients: role of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha formation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol2002;40(6):868\u201374."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b31","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"346","article-title":"Early impairment of left ventricular function in hypercholesterolemia and its reversibility after short term treatment with rosuvastatin: a preliminary echocardiographic study","volume":"197","year":"2008","unstructured":"Talini\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Di Bello\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Bianchi\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Palagi\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Delle Donne\n              MG,\n            \n            \n              Penno\n              G,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tEarly impairment of left ventricular function in hypercholesterolemia and its reversibility after short term treatment with rosuvastatin: a preliminary echocardiographic study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAtherosclerosis2008;197(1):346\u201354."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1526-6702-48-2-e186720-b32","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"3956","article-title":"Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Danish general population: prevalence, coronary artery disease, and cholesterol-lowering medication [published erratum appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(12):4758-9]","volume":"97","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benn\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Watts\n              GF,\n            \n            \n              Tybjaerg-Hansen\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Nordestgaard\n              BG.\n            \n          \n          Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Danish general population: prevalence, coronary artery disease, and cholesterol-lowering medication [published erratum appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(12):4758-9].\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Endocrinol Metab2012;97(11):3956\u201364."}],"container-title":["Texas Heart Institute 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