{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:55:05Z","timestamp":1773687305729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Texas Heart Institute Journal","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gadolinium-based contrast agents have expanded the diagnostic usefulness and capability of magnetic resonance imaging. Despite their highly favorable safety profile, these agents have been associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in a small number of patients who have advanced kidney disease. Recently, trace amounts of gadolinium deposition in the brain and other organs have been reported after contrast exposure, even in patients with normal renal function. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent updates and discuss typical clinical situations related to the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14503\/thij-21-7680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T14:47:57Z","timestamp":1653490077000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: Updates and Answers to Typical Questions Regarding Gadolinium Use"],"prefix":"10.14503","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Benjamin Y.C.","family":"Cheong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Radiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ourania A.","family":"Preventza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Muthupillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Radiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5628","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b1","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCA): safety overview after 3 decades of clinical experience","volume":"34","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanal\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCA): safety overview after 3 decades of clinical experience.\n\t\t\t\t\tMagn Reson Imaging2016;34(10):1341\u20135."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b2","series-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"309","article-title":"Safety of magnetic resonance contrast media","volume":"12","year":"2001","unstructured":"Runge\n              VM.\n            \n          \n          Safety of magnetic resonance contrast media.\n\t\t\t\t\tTop Magn Reson Imaging2001;12(4):309\u201314."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b3","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"471","article-title":"Immediate allergic reactions to gadolinium-based contrast agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"286","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behzadi\n              AH,\n            \n            \n              Zhao\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Farooq\n              Z,\n            \n            \n              Prince\n              MR.\n            \n          \n          Immediate allergic reactions to gadolinium-based contrast agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology2018;286(2):471\u201382."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b4","series-title":"Am J Dermatopathol","first-page":"383","article-title":"Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy","volume":"23","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cowper\n              SE,\n            \n            \n              Su\n              LD,\n            \n            \n              Bhawan\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Robin\n              HS,\n            \n            \n              LeBoit\n              PE.\n            \n          \n          Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Dermatopathol2001;23(5):383\u201393."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b5","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Gadolinium--a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis [published erratum appears in Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(6):1745]?","volume":"21","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grobner\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Gadolinium--a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis [published erratum appears in Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(6):1745]?\n          \n            Nephrol Dial Transplant\n          \n          2006;21(4):1104\u20138."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b6","series-title":"Arch Dermatol","first-page":"903","article-title":"Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy with systemic involvement","volume":"139","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ting\n              WW,\n            \n            \n              Stone\n              MS,\n            \n            \n              Madison\n              KC,\n            \n            \n              Kurtz\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy with systemic involvement.\n\t\t\t\t\tArch Dermatol2003;139(7):903\u20136."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b7","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"28","article-title":"Use of intravenous gadolinium-based contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation","volume":"298","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weinreb\n              JC,\n            \n            \n              Rodby\n              RA,\n            \n            \n              Yee\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              CL,\n            \n            \n              Fine\n              D,\n            \n            \n              McDonald\n              RJ,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tUse of intravenous gadolinium-based contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology2021;298(1):28\u201335."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b8","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"608","article-title":"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a chemical perspective","volume":"247","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rofsky\n              NM,\n            \n            \n              Sherry\n              AD,\n            \n            \n              Lenkinski\n              RE.\n            \n          \n          Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a chemical perspective.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology2008;247(3):608\u201312."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b9","series-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol","first-page":"461","article-title":"Current status of gadolinium toxicity in patients with kidney disease","volume":"4","year":"2009","unstructured":"Perazella\n              MA.\n            \n          \n          Current status of gadolinium toxicity in patients with kidney disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tClin J Am Soc Nephrol2009;4(2):461\u20139."},{"key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b10","article-title":"ACR manual on contrast media","unstructured":"ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media.\n          \n          ACR manual on contrast media.\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable from: https:\/\/www.acr.org\/-\/media\/ACR\/files\/clinical-resources\/contrast_media.pdf [2021; cited 2021 Mar 3]."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b11","series-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol","first-page":"2359","article-title":"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"17","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marckmann\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Skov\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Rossen\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Dupont\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Damholt\n              MB,\n            \n            \n              Heaf\n              JG,\n            \n            \n              Thomsen\n              HS.\n            \n          \n          Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Soc Nephrol2006;17(9):2359\u201362."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b12","series-title":"Tex Heart Inst J","first-page":"508","article-title":"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a concise review for cardiologists","volume":"37","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheong\n              BYC,\n            \n            \n              Muthupillai\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a concise review for cardiologists.\n\t\t\t\t\tTex Heart Inst J2010;37(5):508\u201315."},{"key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b13","article-title":"PRAC confirms restrictions on the use of linear gadolinium agents [Internet]","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          PRAC confirms restrictions on the use of linear gadolinium agents [Internet].\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/referral\/gadolinium-article-31-referral-prac-confirms-restrictions-use-linear-gadolinium-agents_en.pdf [2017 Jul 7; cited 2021 Mar 3]."},{"key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b14","article-title":"ESUR guidelines on contrast agents [Internet]","unstructured":"European Society of Urogenital Radiology\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tESUR guidelines on contrast agents [Internet].\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable from: http:\/\/www.esur.org\/fileadmin\/content\/2019\/ESUR_Guidelines_10.0_Final_Version.pdf [2018 Mar; cited 2021 Mar 3]."},{"key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b15","series-title":"Can J Kidney Health Dis","first-page":"2054358118778573","article-title":"Gadolinium-based contrast agents in kidney disease: a comprehensive review and clinical practice guideline issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists","volume":"5","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schieda\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Blaichman\n              JI,\n            \n            \n              Costa\n              AF,\n            \n            \n              Glikstein\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Hurrell\n              C,\n            \n            \n              James\n              M,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tGadolinium-based contrast agents in kidney disease: a comprehensive review and clinical practice guideline issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists.\n\t\t\t\t\tCan J Kidney Health Dis2018;5:2054358118778573."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b16","series-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J","first-page":"226","article-title":"Updated clinical practice guideline on use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in kidney disease issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists","volume":"70","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schieda\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Maralani\n              PJ,\n            \n            \n              Hurrell\n              C,\n            \n            \n              Tsampalieros\n              AK,\n            \n            \n              Hiremath\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Updated clinical practice guideline on use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in kidney disease issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists.\n\t\t\t\t\tCan Assoc Radiol J2019;70(3):226\u201332."},{"key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b17","article-title":"FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are retained in the body; requires new class warnings [Internet]","year":"2018","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns that gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are retained in the body; requires new class warnings [Internet].\n\t\t\t\t\t2018.\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-warns-gadolinium-based-contrast-agents-gbcas-are-retained-body [updated 2018 May 16; cited 2021 Mar 3]."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b18","series-title":"Acta Radiol","first-page":"515","article-title":"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a serious adverse reaction to gadolinium - 1997-2006-2016. Part 1","volume":"57","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomsen\n              HS.\n            \n          \n          Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a serious adverse reaction to gadolinium - 1997-2006-2016. Part 1.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Radiol2016;57(5):515\u201320."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b19","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"376","article-title":"A systematic review of 639 patients with biopsy\u2013confirmed nephrogenic systemic fibrosis","volume":"292","year":"2019","unstructured":"Attari\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Cao\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Elmholdt\n              TR,\n            \n            \n              Zhao\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Prince\n              MR.\n            \n          \n          A systematic review of 639 patients with biopsy\u2013confirmed nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology2019;292(2):376\u201386."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b20","series-title":"Invest Radiol","first-page":"701","article-title":"Incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis using gadobenate dimeglumine in 1423 patients with renal insufficiency compared with gadodiamide","volume":"51","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bruce\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Wentland\n              AL,\n            \n            \n              Haemel\n              AK,\n            \n            \n              Garrett\n              RW,\n            \n            \n              Sadowski\n              DR,\n            \n            \n              Djamali\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Sadowski\n              EA.\n            \n          \n          Incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis using gadobenate dimeglumine in 1423 patients with renal insufficiency compared with gadodiamide.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Radiol2016;51(11):701\u20135."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b21","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"689","article-title":"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: change in incidence following a switch in gadolinium agents and adoption of a gadolinium policy--report from two U.S. universities","volume":"253","year":"2009","unstructured":"Altun\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Martin\n              DR,\n            \n            \n              Wertman\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Lugo-Somolinos\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Fuller\n              ER\n              3rd,\n            \n            \n              Semelka\n              RC.\n            \n          \n          Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: change in incidence following a switch in gadolinium agents and adoption of a gadolinium policy--report from two U.S. universities.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology2009;253(3):689\u201396."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b22","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"440","article-title":"Decreased incidence of NSF in patients on dialysis after changing gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRI protocols","volume":"31","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martin\n              DR,\n            \n            \n              Krishnamoorthy\n              SK,\n            \n            \n              Kalb\n              B,\n            \n            \n              Salman\n              KN,\n            \n            \n              Sharma\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Carew\n              JD,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDecreased incidence of NSF in patients on dialysis after changing gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRI protocols.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Magn Reson Imaging2010;31(2):440\u20136."},{"key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b23","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after administration of gadoteric acid in patients on renal replacement treatment","volume":"70","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alfano\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Fontana\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Ferrari\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Solazzo\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Perrone\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Giaroni\n              F,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tIncidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after administration of gadoteric acid in patients on renal replacement treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tMagn Reson Imaging2020;70:1\u20134."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b24","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"607","article-title":"Observational study on the incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal impairment following gadoterate meglumine administration: the NSsaFe study","volume":"51","year":"2020","unstructured":"McWilliams\n              RG,\n            \n            \n              Frabizzio\n              JV,\n            \n            \n              De Backer\n              AI,\n            \n            \n              Grinberg\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Maes\n              BD,\n            \n            \n              Zobel\n              BB,\n            \n            \n              Gottschalk\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Observational study on the incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal impairment following gadoterate meglumine administration: the NSsaFe study.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Magn Reson Imaging2020;51(2):607\u201314."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b25","series-title":"Invest Radiol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Gadobutrol in renally impaired patients: results of the GRIP study","volume":"52","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michaely\n              HJ,\n            \n            \n              Aschauer\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Deutschmann\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Bongartz\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Gutberlet\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Woitek\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tGadobutrol in renally impaired patients: results of the GRIP study.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Radiol2017;52(1):55\u201360."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b26","series-title":"JAMA Intern Med","first-page":"223","article-title":"Risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease receiving a group II gadolinium-based contrast agent: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woolen\n              SA,\n            \n            \n              Shankar\n              PR,\n            \n            \n              Gagnier\n              JJ,\n            \n            \n              MacEachern\n              MP,\n            \n            \n              Singer\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Davenport\n              MS.\n            \n          \n          Risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease receiving a group II gadolinium-based contrast agent: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAMA Intern Med2020;180(2):223\u201330."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b27","series-title":"Invest Radiol","first-page":"416","article-title":"Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis risk after liver magnetic resonance imaging with gadoxetate disodium in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment: results of a prospective, open-label, multicenter study","volume":"50","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lauenstein\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Ramirez-Garrido\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Kim\n              YH,\n            \n            \n              Rha\n              SE,\n            \n            \n              Ricke\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Phongkitkarun\n              S,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tNephrogenic systemic fibrosis risk after liver magnetic resonance imaging with gadoxetate disodium in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment: results of a prospective, open-label, multicenter study.\n\t\t\t\t\tInvest Radiol2015;50(6):416\u201322."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b28","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"556","article-title":"No cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after administration of gadoxetic acid","volume":"297","year":"2020","unstructured":"Starekova\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Bruce\n              RJ,\n            \n            \n              Sadowski\n              EA,\n            \n            \n              Reeder\n              SB.\n            \n          \n          No cases of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after administration of gadoxetic acid.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology2020;297(3):556\u201362."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b29","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"741","article-title":"Gadobenate dimeglumine administration and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: is there a real risk in patients with impaired renal function?","volume":"276","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nandwana\n              SB,\n            \n            \n              Moreno\n              CC,\n            \n            \n              Osipow\n              MT,\n            \n            \n              Sekhar\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Cox\n              KL.\n            \n          \n          Gadobenate dimeglumine administration and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: is there a real risk in patients with impaired renal function?\n          Radiology\n          2015;276(3):741\u20137."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b30","series-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J","first-page":"373","article-title":"Gadolinium deposition in the brain: a systematic review of existing guidelines and policy statement issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists","volume":"69","year":"2018","unstructured":"Costa\n              AF,\n            \n            \n              van der Pol\n              CB,\n            \n            \n              Maralani\n              PJ,\n            \n            \n              McInnes\n              MDF,\n            \n            \n              Shewchuk\n              JR,\n            \n            \n              Verma\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tGadolinium deposition in the brain: a systematic review of existing guidelines and policy statement issued by the Canadian Association of Radiologists.\n\t\t\t\t\tCan Assoc Radiol J2018;69(4):373\u201382."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b31","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Biodistribution of gadolinium-based contrast agents, including gadolinium deposition","volume":"30","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aime\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Caravan\n              P.\n            \n          \n          Biodistribution of gadolinium-based contrast agents, including gadolinium deposition.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Magn Reson Imaging2009;30(6):1259\u201367."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b32","series-title":"Acta Radiol","first-page":"339","article-title":"Safety of gadolinium contrast agent in hemodialysis patients","volume":"42","year":"2001","unstructured":"Okada\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Katagiri\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Kumazaki\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Yokoyama\n              H.\n            \n          \n          Safety of gadolinium contrast agent in hemodialysis patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Radiol2001;42(3):339\u201341."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b33","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"2845","article-title":"Post-contrast acute kidney injury - Part 1: definition, clinical features, incidence, role of contrast medium and risk factors: recommendations for updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines","volume":"28","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Molen\n              AJ,\n            \n            \n              Reimer\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Dekkers\n              IA,\n            \n            \n              Bongartz\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Bellin\n              MF,\n            \n            \n              Bertolotto\n              M,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tPost-contrast acute kidney injury - Part 1: definition, clinical features, incidence, role of contrast medium and risk factors: recommendations for updated ESUR Contrast Medium Safety Committee guidelines.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur Radiol2018;28(7):2845\u201355."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b34","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"618","article-title":"Renal safety of gadolinium-based contrast media in patients with chronic renal insufficiency","volume":"250","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ledneva\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Karie\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Launay-Vacher\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Janus\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Deray\n              G.\n            \n          \n          Renal safety of gadolinium-based contrast media in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.\n\t\t\t\t\tRadiology2009;250(3):618\u201328."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b35","series-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Risk factors for NSF: a literature review","volume":"30","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prince\n              MR,\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              HL,\n            \n            \n              Roditi\n              GH,\n            \n            \n              Leiner\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Kucharczyk\n              W.\n            \n          \n          Risk factors for NSF: a literature review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Magn Reson Imaging2009;30(6):1298\u2013308."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b36","series-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis","first-page":"133","article-title":"Prophylactic hemodialysis for protection against gadolinium-induced nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a doll's house","volume":"24","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yee\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Prophylactic hemodialysis for protection against gadolinium-induced nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a doll's house.\n\t\t\t\t\tAdv Chronic Kidney Dis2017;24(3):133\u20135."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b37","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"952","article-title":"Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes","volume":"316","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ray\n              JG,\n            \n            \n              Vermeulen\n              MJ,\n            \n            \n              Bharatha\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Montanera\n              WJ,\n            \n            \n              Park\n              AL.\n            \n          \n          Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes.\n\t\t\t\t\tJAMA2016;316(9):952\u201361."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1526-6702-49-3-e217680-b38","series-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol","first-page":"183","article-title":"MRI in pregnant patients with suspected abdominal and pelvic cancer: a practical guide for 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