{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:46:21Z","timestamp":1775483181973,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cons. Patrim\u00f3nio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The gold leaf from one of the most important art works of the Portuguese Baroque period, the main altarpiece of the Church of Jesus in Aveiro, currently part of the city Museum and former Convent of Jesus, was studied. Qualitative analysis of the samples cross-section was performed by optical microscopy. Three different layers \u2013 ground layer, bole and gold \u2013 were identified, a result consistent with a traditional gilding. The use of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed the use of a ternary Au-Ag-Cu alloy, with approximately 22 carats. Through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) it was possible to identify trace elements such as Cr, Pt, Pd and Sn in the gold, and Pb and Hg in the bole layer. The use of synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence (SR-\u00b5XRF) confirmed the presence of Sn and allowed to establish a profile of the main elements in the samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14568\/cp2016035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T12:52:44Z","timestamp":1516366364000},"page":"41-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Technological and compositional study of the gold leaf from Baroque altarpieces \u2013 basis for a research methodology"],"prefix":"10.14568","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Bidarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geobiotec\/Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Cin\u00e1brio \u2013 Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, Rua Almirante C\u00e2ndido dos Reis , n.\u00ba 28, 3.\u00ba T, 3800-096 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Buzanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12200 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6743-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Coroado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar, Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geobiotec\/Departamento de Geoci\u00eancias, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"5676","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"1.\t[1]\tMadahil, A. G. R. (ed.), Cr\u00f3nica da Funda\u00e7\u00e3o do Mosteiro de Jesus de Aveiro e Memorial da Infanta Santa Joana Filha Del Rei Dom Afonso V, Aveiro (1939)."},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"2.\t[2]\tBrand\u00e3o, D. P., Obra de Talha Dourada, Ensamblagem e Pintura na Cidade e Diocese do Porto. II. 1700 a 1725, Diocese do Porto, Porto (1985)."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"3.\t[3]\tBrand\u00e3o, D. P., Obra de Talha Dourada, Ensamblagem e Pintura na Cidade e Diocese do Porto. III. 1726 a 1750, Diocese do Porto, Porto (1986)."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"4.\t[4]\tFerreira-Alves, N. M., 'A apoteose do barroco nas igrejas dos conventos femininos portugueses', Revista da Faculdade de Letras - Hist\u00f3ria 9 (1992) 369-388, http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10216\/8032."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5.\t[5]\tIxer, R. A., 'The role of ore geology and ores in the archaeological provenancing of metals', in Metals in Antiquity, ed. S. M. Young, M. Pollard, P. Budd & R.A. Ixer, Archaeopress, Oxford (1999) 43-52.","DOI":"10.30861\/9781841710082"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6.\t[6]\tGuerra M. F.; Radtke M.; Reiche, I.; Riesemeier, H.; Strub, E., 'Analysis of trace elements in gold alloys by SR-XRF at high energy at the BAMline', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 266(10) (2008) 2334-2338, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nimb.2008.03.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2008.03.008"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"7.\t[7]\tMartins, C. M., 'A explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineira romana e a metalurgia do ouro em Portugal', tese de doutoramento, Universidade do Minho, Braga (2008)."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8.\t[8]\tGuerra, M. F., 'An overview on the ancient goldsmith's skill and the circulation of gold in the past: the role of x-ray based techniques', X-Ray Spectrometry 37(4) (2008) 317-327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/xrs.1013.","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.1013"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"9.\t[9]\tAgricola, G., De Re Metallica, ed. H. C. Hoover & L. H. Hoover, The Mining Magazine, Salisbury House, London (1912)."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10.\t[10]\tGuerra, M. F.; Calligaro, T., 'Gold traces to trace gold', Journal of Archaeological Science 31(9) (2004) 1199-1208, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2002.05.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2002.05.001"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11.\t[11]\tGuerra, M. F.; Calligaro, T., 'Gold cultural heritage objects: a review of studies of provenance and manufacturing technologies', Measurement Science and Technology 14(9) (2003) 1527-1537, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/9\/305.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/14\/9\/305"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"12.\t[12]\tConstantinescu, B.; Bugoi, R.; Cojocaru, V.; Voiculescu, D.; Grambole, D.; Herrmann, F.; Ceccato, D., 'Romanian ancient gold objects provenance studies using micro-beam methods: the case of \"Pietroasa\" hoard', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 231(1-4) (2005) 541-545, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nimb.2005.01.114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2005.01.114"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"13.\t[13]\tGuerra, M. F., 'Fingerprinting ancient gold with proton beams of different energies', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 226(1-2) (2004) 185-198: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nimb.2004.02.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2004.02.019"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14.\t[14]\tGuerra, M. F.; Sarthre, C. O.; Gondonneau, A.; Barrandon, J. N., 'Precious metals and provenance enquiries using LA-ICP-MS', Journal of Archaeological Science 26(8) (1999) 1101-1110, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jasc.1999.0405.","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1999.0405"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"15.\t[15]\t15 Barcelos, R., 'Entre o ouro e a esc\u00f3ria: arqueometalurgia do ouro no brasil dos s\u00e9culos XVIII e XIX', tese de doutoramento, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Porto (2016), http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10216\/83730."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"16.\t[16]\tBarcelos, R., 'Casas de fundi\u00e7\u00e3o e da moeda no Brasil e em Portugal: purificar o ouro, apurar as t\u00e9cnicas', Popula\u00e7\u00e3o e Sociedade 21 (2013) 143-163."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17.\t[17]\tFerreira, S.; Murta, E.; Sandu, I. C. A.; Pereira, M. C., 'Os p\u00falpitos da Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Pena, em Lisboa: um estudo hist\u00f3rico, estil\u00edstico, t\u00e9cnico e material', Conservar Patrim\u00f3nio 19 (2014) 5-20, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14568\/cp2013009.","DOI":"10.14568\/cp2013009"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"18.\t[18]\tFerreira-Alves, N. M., A Arte da Talha no Porto na \u00c9poca Barroca. Artistas e clientela. Materiais e t\u00e9cnica, 2 vols., Arquivo Hist\u00f3rico - C\u00e2mara Municipal do Porto, Porto (1989)."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"19.\t[19]\tBrostoff, L. B.; Gonzalez, J. J.; Jett, P.; Russo, R. E., 'Trace element fingerprinting of ancient Chinese gold with femtosecond laser ablation-inductively coupled mass spectrometry', Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2) (2009) 461-466, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2008.09.037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.09.037"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"20.\t[20]\tSelwyn, L., 'Corrosion chemistry of gilded silver and copper' in Gilded Metals. History, Technology and Conservation, ed. T. Drayman-Weisser, Archetype Publications, London (2000) 21-47."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"21.\t[21]\tNicholson, E. D., 'The ancient craft of gold beating', Gold Bulletin 12(4) (1976) 161-166, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03215119.","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03215119"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22.\t[22]\tDarque-Ceretti, E.; Felder, E.; Aucouturier, M., 'Foil and leaf gilding on cultural artifacts; forming and adhesion', Revista Mat\u00e9ria 16(1) (2011) 540-559, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-70762011000100002.","DOI":"10.1590\/s1517-70762011000100002"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"23.\t[23]\tMactaggart, P.; Mactaggart, A.; Practical Gilding, Archetype Publications, London (2005)."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"24.\t[24]\tGonz\u00e1lez-Alonso Mart\u00ednez, E., Tratado del Dorado, Plateado y Su Policrom\u00eda. Tecnolog\u00eda, Conservaci\u00f3n y Restauraci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Valencia (1997)."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"25.\t[25]\tKhandekar, N., 'Preparation of cross sections from easel paintings', Reviews in Conservation 4 (2003) 52-64, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/sic.2003.48.Supplement-1.52.","DOI":"10.1179\/sic.2003.48.supplement-1.52"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"26.\t[26]\tCalvo, A., Conservaci\u00f3n y Restauraci\u00f3n. Materiales t\u00e9cnicas y procedimientos. De la A a la Z, 3.\u00aa ed., Ediciones del Serbal, Barcelona (2003)."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"27.\t[27]\tHein, A.; Degrigny, C., 'The application of non-destructive technologies for the damage assessment of metal objects', in Metals and Museums in the Mediterranean, Protecting, Preserving and Interpreting, ed. V. Argyropoulos, The PROMET Consortium (2008) 125-140."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"28.\t[28]\t'Guia RELACRE 13, Valida\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00e9todos internos de ensaio em an\u00e1lise qu\u00edmica', IPQ, Lisboa (2000)."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29.\t[29]\tPyrzynska, K., 'Recent developments in the determination of gold by atomic spectrometry techniques', Spectrochimica Acta B 60(9-10) (2005) 1316-1322, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sab.2005.06.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2005.06.010"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30.\t[30]\tRiesemeier, H.; Ecker, K.; G\u00f6rner, W.; M\u00fcller, B.; Radtke, M.; Krumrey, M., 'Layout and first XRF applications of the BAMline at BESSY II', X-Ray Spectrometry 34(2) (2005) 160-163, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/xrs.750.","DOI":"10.1002\/xrs.750"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31.\t[31]\tNazmov, V.; Reznikova, E.; Mohr, J.; Snigirev, A.; Snigireva, I.; Achenbach, S.; Saile, V., 'Fabrication and preliminary testing of x-ray lenses in thick SU-8 resist layers', Microsystem Technologies 10(10) (2004) 716-21, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00542-004-0433-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-004-0433-0"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"32.\t[32]\tSandu, I.; Murta, E.; Ferreira, S.; Pereira, M.; Candeias, A.; Mir\u00e3o, J.; Miguel, C.; Paba, F., 'More than gold - an interdisciplinary, complementary study of gilding materials and techniques in Baroque altarpieces from Portugal', ECR - Estudos de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro 6 (2014) 13-37, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7559\/ecr.6.7522.","DOI":"10.7559\/ecr.6.7522"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"33.\t[33]\tSerck-Dewaide, M., 'Les techniques utilis\u00e9es dans l'art baroque religieux des XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles au Portugal, en Espagne et en Belgique', in Policromia. A escultura policromada religiosa dos s\u00e9culos XVII e XVIII. Estudo comparativo das t\u00e9cnicas, altera\u00e7\u00f5es e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal, Espanha e B\u00e9lgica, ed. A. I. Seruya, Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, Lisboa (2002) 119-155."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"34.\t[34]\tAntunes, V.; Candeias, A.; Oliveira, M. J.; Longelin, S.; Serr\u00e3o, V.; Seruya, A. I.; Coroado, J.; Dias, L.; Mir\u00e3o, J.; Carvalho, M. L., 'Characterization of gypsum and anhydrite ground layers in 15th and 16th centuries Portuguese paintings by Raman Spectroscopy and other techniques', Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 45(11-12) (2014) 1026-1033, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrs.4488.","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4488"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"35.\t[35]\tSandu, I; Murta, E.; Veiga, R.; Muralha, V.; Pereira, M.; Kuckova, S.; Busani, T., 'An innovative, interdisciplinary and multi-technique study of gilding and painting techniques in the decoration of the main altarpiece of Miranda do Douro Cathedral (XVII-XVIIIth centuries, Portugal)', Microscopy Research and Technique 76(7) (2013) 733-743, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jemt.22224.","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22224"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36.\t[36]\tSandu, I.; Paba, F.; Murta, E.; Pereira, M.; Ribeiro, C., 'Travelling beneath the gold surface - Part I: study and characterization of laboratory reconstructions of Portuguese seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ground and bole layers', e-conservation journal 2 (2014) 94-115, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18236\/econs2.201413.","DOI":"10.18236\/econs2.201413"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"37.\t[37]\tBidarra, A.; Coroado, J.; Rocha, F.; 'Gold leaf analysis of three baroque altarpieces from Porto', Archeo Science, Revue d'Arch\u00e9om\u00e9trie 33 (2009) 417-422, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/archeosciences.2552.","DOI":"10.4000\/archeosciences.2552"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38.\t[38]\tGoldstein, J. I., 'Electron beam - specimen interaction', in Practical scanning electron microscopy. Electron and ion microprobe analysis, ed. J. I. Goldstein, & H. Yakowitz, Plenum Press, New York (1975) 49-94, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-4422-3_3.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-4422-3_3"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39.\t[39]\tBidarra, A.; Coroado, J.; Rocha, F.; 'Contributos para o estudo da folha de ouro de ret\u00e1bulos Barrocos por microscopia \u00f3ptica e electr\u00f3nica', Ge-conservaci\u00f3n 1 (2010) 183-191.","DOI":"10.37558\/gec.v1i1.21"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"40.\t[40]\tLeGac, A., 'Le retable majeur de la S\u00e9 Velha de Coimbra et la polychromie dans le dioc\u00e8se de Coimbra \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque baroque. Aspects techniques et esth\u00e9tiques', tese de doutoramento, vol. 1, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa (2009)."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"41.\t[41]\tRadtke, M.; Buzanich, G.; Guilherme, A.; Reinholz, U.; Riesemeier, H.; Scharf, O.; Scholz, P.; Guerra M. F., 'Double Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (D2XRF) based on an Energy Dispersive pnCCD detector for the detection of platinum in gold', Microchemical Journal 125 (2016) 56-61, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2015.10.039.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2015.10.039"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42.\t[42]\tChadwick, A. V.; Berko, A.; Schofield, E.J.; Jones, A. M.; Mosselmans, J. F. W.; Smith, A. D., 'The application of microfocus X-ray beams from synchrotrons in Heritage conservation', International Journal of Architectural Heritage 6(2) (2012) 228-258, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15583058.2010.528825.","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2010.528825"}],"container-title":["Conservar Patrim\u00f3nio"],"original-title":["Estudo tecnol\u00f3gico e composicional da folha de ouro de ret\u00e1bulos barrocos \u2013 bases para uma metodologia de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T18:03:59Z","timestamp":1617386639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/conservarpatrimonio.pt\/article\/view\/24149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14568\/cp2016035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1646-043X","2182-9942"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1646-043X","type":"print"},{"value":"2182-9942","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]}}}