{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T17:46:20Z","timestamp":1769103980220,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cons. Patrim\u00f3nio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and on the professional paper conservation experience, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct sorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14568\/cp2019022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T16:41:57Z","timestamp":1589215317000},"page":"45-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century"],"prefix":"10.14568","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Francisca","family":"Figueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Jos\u00e9 de Figueiredo, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Patrim\u00f3nio Cultural, Rua das Janelas Verdes, 1249-018 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Jos\u00e9 de Figueiredo, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Patrim\u00f3nio Cultural, Rua das Janelas Verdes, 1249-018 Lisboa, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Tomar (IPT), Quinta do Contador, Estrada da Serra, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Lisboa, N\u00facleo de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, Campo Grande, 382, 1700-097 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SalvArte, Atelier de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, Pra\u00e7a das Amoreiras 8, R\/C, 1250-020 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Clara","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SalvArte, Atelier de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e Restauro, Pra\u00e7a das Amoreiras 8, R\/C, 1250-020 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Campelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Jos\u00e9 de Figueiredo, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Patrim\u00f3nio Cultural, Rua das Janelas Verdes, 1249-018 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HERCULES Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva, 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal; Chemistry Department at the Science and Technology School, University of \u00c9vora, Rua Rom\u00e3o Ramalho, 59, 7000-671, \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"5676","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[1] Choi, S., \u2018Foxing on paper: a literature review\u2019, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 46(2) (2007) 137-152, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/019713607806112378.","DOI":"10.1179\/019713607806112378"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[2] Ligterink, F.; Porck, H.; Smit, W., \u2018Foxing stains and discolouration of leaf margins and paper surrounding print ink\u2019, The Paper Conservator 15(1) (1991) 45-52, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03094227.1991.9638396.","DOI":"10.1080\/03094227.1991.9638396"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"[3] Hofenk de Graaff, J., \u2018Research into the cause of browning of paper mounted in mats\u2019, in Contributions of the Central Research Laboratory to the Field of Conservation and Restoration, ed. 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