{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:18:57Z","timestamp":1761059937072},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"35","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The treatment of nonmuscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma with bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) represents the importance of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Despite its clinical efficacy, up to 30% of patients will ultimately experience progression to muscle-invasive disease. This, along with an improved understanding of the biologic pathways involved, has led to efforts to improve, enhance, or alter the immune response in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma. A number of novel therapeutic approaches currently are being pursued, including recombinant BCG to induce T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses, nonlive Mycobacterium agents, targeted agents toward cancer-associated antigens, immune-modulating vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapies. Here, we review the current and future immunotherapy treatment options for patients with urothelial cancer. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14694\/edbook_am.2015.35.e284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]],"date-time":"2015-05-26T14:39:05Z","timestamp":1432651145000},"page":"e284-e290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evolving Immunotherapy Strategies in Urothelial Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1200","author":[{"given":"Sam J.","family":"Brancato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keidren","family":"Lewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piyush K.","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"bibr1-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.342.6165.1432"},{"key":"bibr2-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58737-6"},{"key":"bibr3-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1988.6.9.1450"},{"key":"bibr4-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65396-5","volume":"156","author":"Pawinski A","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr5-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000162059.64886.1c"},{"key":"bibr6-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197410)34:8+<1532::AID-CNCR2820340827>3.0.CO;2-H","volume":"34","author":"Zbar B","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"bibr7-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/184291a0","volume":"184","author":"Old LJ","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bibr8-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-1439(00)00074-0","volume":"5","author":"Poggi MM","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"bibr9-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114434","volume":"85","author":"Kavoussi LR","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"bibr10-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01696.x","volume":"14","author":"Shintani Y","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"bibr11-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.11.124","volume":"181","author":"Bisiaux A","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr12-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35678-1","volume":"150","author":"Ratliff TL","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr13-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199707000-00017"},{"key":"bibr14-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45091-9","volume":"136","author":"Haaff EO","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr15-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.07.021","volume":"65","author":"Brausi M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"bibr16-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.2015.961430","volume":"15","author":"Wang Y","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"bibr17-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/291335a0","volume":"291","author":"Henney CS","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bibr18-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(86)90043-7","volume":"40","author":"Ratliff TL","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"bibr19-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1999.00702.x","volume":"96","author":"Slobbe L","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"bibr20-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.934","volume":"93","author":"Murray PJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"bibr21-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000109742.88380.a2","volume":"171","author":"O'Donnell MA","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr22-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6192","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1114","volume":"69","author":"Zaharoff DA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"bibr23-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01734.x","volume":"127","author":"Riemensberger J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"bibr24-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200307000-00006","volume":"26","author":"Weiss GR","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"bibr25-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4666(02)00490-8","volume":"21","author":"Luo Y","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"bibr26-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02522.x","volume":"137","author":"Luo Y","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"bibr27-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.6.6.4088","volume":"6","author":"Papageorgiou A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"bibr28-EdBookAM201535e284","first-page":"2726","volume":"5","author":"Slaton JW","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"bibr29-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2005.11.026"},{"key":"bibr30-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01428.x","volume":"123","author":"Luo Y","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"bibr31-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-009-0673-z","volume":"58","author":"Liu W","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"bibr32-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37582-1","volume":"147","author":"Hawkyard SJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr33-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200403000-00005","volume":"27","author":"Arnold J","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"bibr34-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65642-X","volume":"166","author":"Morales A","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr35-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.11.019","volume":"181","author":"Morales A","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"bibr36-EdBookAM201535e284","first-page":"2065","volume":"31","author":"Miyazaki J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"bibr37-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.12.027","volume":"176","author":"Nakamura T","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"bibr38-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.02.019","volume":"260","author":"Iles RK","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"bibr39-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.11.20","volume":"10","author":"Morse MA","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"bibr40-EdBookAM201535e284","first-page":"w14066","volume":"145","author":"Rothschild SI","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"bibr41-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466"},{"key":"bibr42-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806075105"},{"key":"bibr43-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.14.110","volume":"7","author":"Hafez N","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"bibr44-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2326"},{"key":"bibr45-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22588","volume":"109","author":"Inman BA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"bibr46-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-006-0266-z"},{"key":"bibr47-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13904"},{"key":"bibr48-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12965"},{"key":"bibr49-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0866-z","volume":"47","author":"Zhao J","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"bibr50-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hys069","volume":"42","author":"Obara W","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"bibr51-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0527"},{"key":"bibr52-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3181891574","volume":"31","author":"Sharma P","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"bibr53-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb07514.x","volume":"73","author":"Walsh MD","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"bibr54-EdBookAM201535e284","first-page":"225","volume":"19","author":"Cardillo MR","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exper Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"bibr55-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197809)42:3+<1546::AID-CNCR2820420829>3.0.CO;2-D","volume":"42","author":"Goldenberg DM","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"bibr56-EdBookAM201535e284","author":"Duong CP","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"bibr57-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2009.09.026","volume":"58","author":"Sherif A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"bibr58-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251102"},{"key":"bibr59-EdBookAM201535e284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.2537"}],"container-title":["American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2015.35.e284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T10:42:09Z","timestamp":1653820929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2015.35.e284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2015.35.e284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14694\/edbook_am.2015.35.e284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1548-8748","1548-8756"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1548-8748","type":"print"},{"value":"1548-8756","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}}}