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Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases due to atherosclerosis remain a dominant medical problem. Macro\u00adphages play a crucial role in both atherosclerosis progression and recycling of body iron. Epidemio\u00adlogical data point to elevation of body iron stores as one of non-classical cardiovascular risk factors, and we know that iron must be contained within macrophages to be atherogenic. Presumably, iron already contained within circulating monocytes turns cells to a more pro-inflammatory and hence atherogenic phenotype, but experimental evidence for such relationship remains limited. In this study, human monocytic THP-1 cells were loaded with micromolar iron in the forms of transferrin, ferric-ammonium citrate (FAC) and haemin for 2 and 24 hours. Only haemin was cytotoxic. All kinds of iron elevated the labile iron pool at 2 hours, as well as ferritin expression at 24 hours. Expression of scavenger receptors A and B, pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, haem oxygenase and haptoglobin receptor were measured by quantitative PCR. Very few changes, none pro-inflammatory, were observed in response to transferrin or FAC. Haemin suppressed the expression of scavenger receptors, increased the expression of pro-inflammatory, and variably, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and dramatically induced haem oxygenase. The effects of haemin were not prevented by apotransferrin. We conclude that iron must be in the haemin form to act as a pro-inflammatory stimulus in THP-1 monocytes. Non-haem iron might require the presence of other factors to be atherogenic. Haemin treatment of THP-1 cells may represent a convenient experimental model to study the pro-inflammatory effects of haem that are observed in late stages of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14712\/fb2025.0001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T16:21:58Z","timestamp":1764692518000},"page":"149-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Iron Must Be in Haemin to Act as a Pro-Inflammatory Stimulus in Cultured Human THP-1 Monocytes"],"prefix":"10.14712","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2664-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Pl\u00e1ten\u00edk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ri\u0161ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6840-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Buchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1354-0228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel J.","family":"Kraml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Rybnik\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0028-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"\u010cierna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Poto\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5727","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"fb2025.0001_1","unstructured":"Bergmeyer, H. 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