{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T09:21:42Z","timestamp":1782552102340,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. VLDB Endow."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To minimize network latency and remain online during server failures and network partitions, many modern distributed data storage systems eschew transactional functionality, which provides strong semantic guarantees for groups of multiple operations over multiple data items. In this work, we consider the problem of providing Highly Available Transactions (HATs): transactional guarantees that do not suffer unavailability during system partitions or incur high network latency. We introduce a taxonomy of highly available systems and analyze existing ACID isolation and distributed data consistency guarantees to identify which can and cannot be achieved in HAT systems. This unifies the literature on weak transactional isolation, replica consistency, and highly available systems. We analytically and experimentally quantify the availability and performance benefits of HATs---often two to three orders of magnitude over wide-area networks---and discuss their necessary semantic compromises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14778\/2732232.2732237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]],"date-time":"2015-05-12T15:37:52Z","timestamp":1431445072000},"page":"181-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Highly available transactions"],"prefix":"10.14778","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Bailis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ghodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Hellerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ion","family":"Stoica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2012.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Causal memory: Definitions, implementation and programming. Dist. Comp., 9(1)","author":"Ahamad M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"M. Ahamad , G. Neiger , J. E. Burns , P. Kohli , and P. Hutto . Causal memory: Definitions, implementation and programming. Dist. Comp., 9(1) , 1995 . M. Ahamad, G. Neiger, J. E. Burns, P. Kohli, and P. Hutto. Causal memory: Definitions, implementation and programming. Dist. Comp., 9(1), 1995."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"CIDR","author":"Alvaro P.","year":"2011","unstructured":"P. Alvaro , N. Conway , J. M. Hellerstein , and W. R. Marczak . Consistency analysis in Bloom: a CALM and collected approach . In CIDR 2011 . P. Alvaro, N. Conway, J. M. Hellerstein, and W. R. Marczak. Consistency analysis in Bloom: a CALM and collected approach. In CIDR 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"2011 Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 2: Foundation","author":"IEC","unstructured":"ISO\/ IEC 9075-2 : 2011 Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 2: Foundation ( SQL\/Foundation) . ISO\/IEC 9075-2: 2011 Information technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 2: Foundation (SQL\/Foundation)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"April","author":"Service WS.","year":"2011","unstructured":"A WS. Summary of the Amazon EC2 and Amazon RDS Service Disruption in the US East Region . http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/6ab6el6 , April 2011 . AWS. Summary of the Amazon EC2 and Amazon RDS Service Disruption in the US East Region. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/6ab6el6, April 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"P. Bailis A. Davidson A. Fekete A. Ghodsi J. M. Hellerstein and I. Stoica. Highly Available Transactions: Virtues and Limitations (Extended). arXiv:1302.0309.   P. Bailis A. Davidson A. Fekete A. Ghodsi J. M. Hellerstein and I. Stoica. Highly Available Transactions: Virtues and Limitations (Extended). arXiv:1302.0309."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"HotOS","author":"Bailis P.","year":"2013","unstructured":"P. Bailis , A. Fekete , A. Ghodsi , J. M. Hellerstein , and I. Stoica . HAT, not CAP: Introducing Highly Available Transactions . In HotOS 2013 . P. Bailis, A. Fekete, A. Ghodsi, J. M. Hellerstein, and I. Stoica. HAT, not CAP: Introducing Highly Available Transactions. In HotOS 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460276.2462076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2463676.2465279"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223784.223785"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2463676.2465339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Concurrency control and recovery in database systems","author":"Bernstein P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"P. Bernstein , V. Hadzilacos , and N. Goodman . Concurrency control and recovery in database systems , volume 370 . Addison-wesley New York , 1987 . P. Bernstein, V. Hadzilacos, and N. Goodman. Concurrency control and recovery in database systems, volume 370. Addison-wesley New York, 1987."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1376616.1376645"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/343477.343502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMPDP.2004.1271440"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2038916.2038932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1985.232196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"OSDI","author":"Chang F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"F. Chang , J. Dean , S. Ghemawat , : A distributed storage system for structured data . In OSDI 2006 . F. Chang, J. Dean, S. Ghemawat, et al. Bigtable: A distributed storage system for structured data. In OSDI 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"G. Clarke. The Register: NoSQL's CAP theorem busters: We don't drop ACID. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bpsug4b November 2012.  G. Clarke. The Register: NoSQL's CAP theorem busters: We don't drop ACID. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/bpsug4b November 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/1454159.1454167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"OSDI","author":"Corbett J. C.","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. C. Corbett , J. Dean , M. Epstein , A. Fikes , C. Frost , J. J. Furman , : Google's globally-distributed database . In OSDI 2012 . J. C. Corbett, J. Dean, M. Epstein, A. Fikes, C. Frost, J. J. Furman, et al. Spanner: Google's globally-distributed database. In OSDI 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807157"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/977401.978143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/5505.5508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"lessons and advice from building large distributed systems. Keynote at LADIS","author":"Dean J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"J. Dean . Designs , lessons and advice from building large distributed systems. Keynote at LADIS 2009 . J. Dean. Designs, lessons and advice from building large distributed systems. Keynote at LADIS 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294261.1294281"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/41840.41841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"P. Deutsch. The eight fallacies of distributed computing. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/c6vvtzg 1994.  P. Deutsch. The eight fallacies of distributed computing. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/c6vvtzg 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Pinterest, Airbnb, Foursquare, Minecraft and others affected. TechCrunch http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/9r43dwt","author":"Dillet R.","year":"2012","unstructured":"R. Dillet . Update: Amazon Web Services down in North Virginia Reddit , Pinterest, Airbnb, Foursquare, Minecraft and others affected. TechCrunch http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/9r43dwt , October 2012 . R. Dillet. Update: Amazon Web Services down in North Virginia Reddit, Pinterest, Airbnb, Foursquare, Minecraft and others affected. TechCrunch http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/9r43dwt, October 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1071610.1071615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/564585.564601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2018436.2018477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"VLDB","author":"Gray J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"J. Gray . The transaction concept: Virtues and limitations . In VLDB 1981 . J. Gray. The transaction concept: Virtues and limitations. In VLDB 1981."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"IBM","author":"Gray J.","year":"1976","unstructured":"J. Gray , R. Lorie , G. Putzolu , and I. Traiger . Granularity of locks and degrees of consistency in a shared data base. Technical report , IBM , 1976 . J. Gray, R. Lorie, G. Putzolu, and I. Traiger. Granularity of locks and degrees of consistency in a shared data base. Technical report, IBM, 1976."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"J. Hamilton. Stonebraker on CAP Theorem and Databases. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/d3gtfq9 April 2010.  J. Hamilton. Stonebraker on CAP Theorem and Databases. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/d3gtfq9 April 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"CIDR","author":"Helland P.","year":"2007","unstructured":"P. Helland . Life beyond distributed transactions: an apostate's opinion . In CIDR 2007 . P. Helland. Life beyond distributed transactions: an apostate's opinion. In CIDR 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"The art of multiprocessor programming","author":"Herlihy M.","year":"2008","unstructured":"M. Herlihy and N. Shavit . The art of multiprocessor programming . 2008 . M. Herlihy and N. Shavit. The art of multiprocessor programming. 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/1454159.1454211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"EPFL","author":"Kemme B.","year":"2000","unstructured":"B. Kemme . Database replication for clusters of workstations. PhD thesis , EPFL , 2000 . B. Kemme. Database replication for clusters of workstations. PhD thesis, EPFL, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"The network is reliable","author":"Kingsbury K.","year":"2013","unstructured":"K. Kingsbury and P. Bailis . The network is reliable . June 2013 . http:\/\/aphyr.com\/posts\/288-the-network-is-reliable. K. Kingsbury and P. Bailis. The network is reliable. June 2013. http:\/\/aphyr.com\/posts\/288-the-network-is-reliable."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/795672.796947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359545.359563"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"NSDI","author":"Liu V.","year":"2013","unstructured":"V. Liu , D. Halperin , A. Krishnamurthy , and T. Anderson . F10: Fault tolerant engineered networks . In NSDI 2013 . V. Liu, D. Halperin, A. Krishnamurthy, and T. Anderson. F10: Fault tolerant engineered networks. In NSDI 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"NSDI","author":"Lloyd W.","year":"2013","unstructured":"W. Lloyd , M. J. Freedman , M. Kaminsky , and D. G. Andersen . Stronger semantics for low-latency geo-replicated storage . In NSDI 2013 . W. Lloyd, M. J. Freedman, M. Kaminsky, and D. G. Andersen. Stronger semantics for low-latency geo-replicated storage. In NSDI 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2007.902727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"D. McCullagh. How Pakistan knocked YouTube offline (and how to make sure it never happens again). CNET http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/c4pffd February 2008.  D. McCullagh. How Pakistan knocked YouTube offline (and how to make sure it never happens again). CNET http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/c4pffd February 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"R. McMillan. Research experiment disrupts internet for some. Computerworld http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/23sqpek August 2010.  R. McMillan. Research experiment disrupts internet for some. Computerworld http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/23sqpek August 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"June","author":"Narayan P. P. S.","year":"2010","unstructured":"P. P. S. Narayan . Sherpa update. YDN Blog , http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/c3ljuce , June 2010 . P. P. S. Narayan. Sherpa update. YDN Blog, http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/c3ljuce, June 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/826040.827019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1057977.1057980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/227210.227230"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"L. Segall. Internet routing glitch kicks millions offline. CNNMoney http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/cmqqac3 November 2011.  L. Segall. Internet routing glitch kicks millions offline. CNNMoney http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/cmqqac3 November 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","first-page":"7506","article-title":"A comprehensive study of convergent and commutative replicated data types","author":"Shapiro M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"M. Shapiro , N. Pregui\u00e7a , C. Baquero , and M. Zawirski . A comprehensive study of convergent and commutative replicated data types . INRIA TR 7506 , 2011 . M. Shapiro, N. Pregui\u00e7a, C. Baquero, and M. Zawirski. A comprehensive study of convergent and commutative replicated data types. INRIA TR 7506, 2011.","journal-title":"INRIA TR"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2043556.2043592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/381992.383631"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2213836.2213838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"On failure in managed enterprise networks. HP Labs HPL-2012-101","author":"Turner D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"D. Turner , K. Levchenko , J. C. Mogul , S. Savage , and A. C. Snoeren . On failure in managed enterprise networks. HP Labs HPL-2012-101 , 2012 . D. Turner, K. Levchenko, J. C. Mogul, S. Savage, and A. C. Snoeren. On failure in managed enterprise networks. HP Labs HPL-2012-101, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851182.1851220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1435417.1435432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/829525.831077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"NSDI","author":"Xu Y.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Y. Xu , Z. Musgrave , B. Noble , and M. Bailey . Bobtail: avoiding long tails in the cloud . In NSDI , 2013 . Y. Xu, Z. Musgrave, B. Noble, and M. Bailey. Bobtail: avoiding long tails in the cloud. In NSDI, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","unstructured":"M. Zawirski A. Bieniusa V. Balegas N. Preguica S. Duarte M. Shapiro and C. Baquero. Geo-replication all the way to the edge. Personal communication and draft under submission. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/cp68svy.  M. Zawirski A. Bieniusa V. Balegas N. Preguica S. Duarte M. Shapiro and C. Baquero. Geo-replication all the way to the edge. Personal communication and draft under submission. http:\/\/tinyurl.com\/cp68svy."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.14778\/2732232.2732237","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T09:19:24Z","timestamp":1672219164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.14778\/2732232.2732237"}},"subtitle":["virtues and limitations"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14778\/2732232.2732237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/2732232.2732237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-8097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-8097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}}}