{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:46:02Z","timestamp":1791305162126,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. VLDB Endow."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Document stores that provide the efficiency of a schema-less interface are widely used by developers in mobile and cloud applications. However, the simplicity developers achieved controversially leads to complexity for data management due to lack of a schema. In this paper, we present a schema management framework for document stores. This framework discovers and persists schemas of JSON records in a repository, and also supports queries and schema summarization. The major technical challenge comes from varied structures of records caused by the schema-less data model and schema evolution. In the discovery phase, we apply a canonical form based method and propose an algorithm based on equivalent sub-trees to group equivalent schemas efficiently. Together with the algorithm, we propose a new data structure, eSiBu-Tree, to store schemas and support queries. In order to present a single summarized representation for heterogenous schemas in records, we introduce the concept of \"skeleton\", and propose to use it as a relaxed form of the schema, which captures a small set of core attributes. Finally, extensive experiments based on real data sets demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed schema discovery algorithms, and practical use cases in real-world data exploration and integration scenarios are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of using skeletons in these applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14778\/2777598.2777601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,15]],"date-time":"2015-05-15T16:09:36Z","timestamp":1431706176000},"page":"922-933","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Schema management for document stores"],"prefix":"10.14778","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lanjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research - China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research - China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juwei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research - China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limei","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM Research - China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oktie","family":"Hassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T.J. 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